CBM 8-Bit Magazine Index: Compute's Gazette Special Section

DO-IT-YOURSELF

3 GREAT TOOLS LET YOU
CREATE YOUR OWN APPS

10 LOW-COST
SOLUTIONS

TO BIG BACKUP
PROBLEMS

6 SUPER TIPS
HELP YOU
GET ONLINE
AND FLY!

5
93

sense ont alan EON aE I! eee

05

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3

64/128 VIEW

Guess what, GEOS fans!

You've got your

own magazine—again!

Tom Netsel

omputer publications
have a way of appear-
ing and disappearing
faster than a magician's
rabbit. But when one pops
up for 64 and 128 users, |
have this reaction to wish it
well—despite the fact that
it's a potential competitor. Af-
ter all, it's nice to see some-
one else taking a serious in-
terest in our machines.

Rather than trying to cov-
er the whole Commodore 8-
bit spectrum, publisher and
managing editor Grady
Brown is focusing his atten-
tion on GEOS with his new
journal, geoVISION Interna-
tional. The premier issue
has just arrived, and it looks
impressive—and the type-
face is clear and legible.
Too many GEOS publica-
tions are tough to read.

A bimonthly publication
of 28-32 laser-printed pag-
es, geoVISION International
plans to print columns once
found in other Commodore
and GEOS magazines in ad-
dition to new articles. Brown
states in his editorial that the
philosophy behind his new
publication “is to bring all
GEOS users and program-
mers together, spreading
the knowledge, experienc-
es, and information of
GEOS users worldwide, and
to give you the best GEOS
support possible.”

That's quite a goal for any
publication, but Brown of-
fers a good selection of arti-
cles and information. Arti-
cles in the first issue include
what's hot and what's not on
the big telecommunication
networks, a tutorial on ge-
oPaint by Australian artist
Jane Voskamp-Jones, a
geoWrite tutorial, and a
roundup of the four GEOS
programming languages.

There are reviews of sev-
eral GEOS products, includ-
ing geoCanvas, Perfect
Print LQ, Dual Top, and Col-
lete Utilities. (For more infor-
mation about Collete Utili-
ties, see Steve Vander Ark's
“GEOS” column in this is-
sue.) There's a list of bulletin
boards, publications, and us-
er groups that offer GEOS
support. There are even sev-
eral Australian newsletters
and groups mentioned,

In his editorial, Brown ad-
dresses questions that are
bound to be asked by peo-
ple who have subscribed to
magazines only to have
them cease publication with-
out honoring their obliga-
tions. We cannot guarantee
we'll be around forever. No
one can. But we do promise
to follow through with all our
commitments to each and
every subscriber.”

In addition to the maga-
zine, Brown offers six GEOS
disks per year. They include
programs and utilities cover-
ing fonts, desk accessories,
applications, drivers, geo-
Calc and geoFile templates,
and clip art.

To give geoVISION Inter-
national a try, U.S. subscrip-
tion rates are $21 for six is-
sues or $4 for a single is-
sue, Washington residents
must add local sales tax. Ca-
nadian and Mexican sub-
scriptions are $27 per year,
$5 for a single issue. Interna-
tional subscriptions (via air
mail) are $33 per year, $6
for a single issue.

Disk subscriptions are
$30 for six issues in the
U.S., $39 in Canada and
Mexico, and $45 elsewhere.
Order by writing to geo-
VISION International, 816
Southeast Polk Street, Cam-
as, Washington 98607. ©

GAZETTE

64/128 VIEW G-1
Announcing a new magazine for GEOS fans.

By Tom Netsel.

SCREEN GEMS G-2

Try these nine programs on your 128 to see what
BASIC 7.0 can do to brighten up a screen.
By Henning Vahlenkamp.

REVIEWS 6-8
The Lost World and Video Digitizer.

FEEDBACK G-12
Questions, answers, and comments.

BEGINNER BASIC G-16
Readers reply with random-number generators.

By Larry Cotton.

MACHINE LANGUAGE G-18

Create an array with BASIC, and then use machine
language to modify it.
By Jim Butterfield.

PROGRAMMER’S PAGE

The 64 has a number of interesting quirks.
By Randy Thompson,

GEOS
Additional sources of great GEOS programs.
By Steve Vander Ark.

D’IVERSIONS G-24

Imagine flipping through 1500 television channels.
By Fred D'lgnazio.

PROGRAMS

G-20

G-22

Mailing List (64) G-28
Utility Plus (64) G-31
Director-Ease (64) G-33
Cross Ref 128 G-35
Your Own Database (64/128) G-36
ML Macros (64) G-39
The Automatic Proofreader (64/128) G-40

MAY 1993 COMPUTE

5

REIS REIN cfg LTS SESS ECE 270 Le ESE Be SEAS

G-1

ne of the biggest
advantages the 128
has over its little

brother, the 64, is its power-
ful built-in BASIC 7.0 lan-
guage. This language's rich
array of 165 different com-
mands (not counting OFF
and QUIT which were
planned but never imple-
mented) allows you to do
many things more easily
than you can on the 64, not

the least of which is graph-
ics. Consequently, you can
create interesting graphic
displays on your 128 with a
minimum of effort and with-
out using complex machine
language. °

That leads me to the
subject of this article. Fol-
lowing are nine concise pro-
grams that show off some
of BASIC 7.0’s graphical tal-
ents. These hacks, or
screen gems, do a variety
of fascinating things on both
40- and 80-column screens.
| did my best to write them
in clear, straightforward
code so you can modify or
incorporate them easily into
your own programs. Exper-
imenting with programs is
one of the best ways to
learn to harness BASIC
7.0's power for yourself.

Now on to the gems.
Let's first look at some col-

orful sparklers that work on
40-column screens.

Sprite Chaos

Sprite Chaos is a short
sprite demonstration pro-
gram. First, all eight sprites,
depicted as_ colored

spheres, are set in motion
at random angles and
speeds. Here’s the twist.
Once they’re moving, the
process is repeated, but
with new random angles

CTCCT)

TRY THESE NINE PROGRAMMING GEMS TO

and different speeds. This
occurs continuously, result-
ing in sprites that fly around
the screen in unpredictable
and interesting ways. You
might want to use the effect
as an eye-catching back-
drop for a title screen in
your own programs.

1 REM SPRITE CHAOS
10 COLOR 0,1:COLOR
4,1: COLOR 5,13:

GRAPHIC O,1

20 CHAR ,13,10,“SPRITE
CHAOS!”

30 FOR D=0 TO 63:READ
V:POKE3584+D,V:
NEXT

40 FOR l=2 TO 8:SPRSAV
1,:NEXT

50 SPRCOLOR 16,16

60 FOR S=1 TO 8:MOVSPR
S,0,0:NEXT

70 FOR S=1TO8:SPRITES,
1,8+1,1,1,1,1:NEXT

80 DO:FOR l=1 TO 8

90 A=INT(RND(1)*360+.5)

CINS

EE JUST WHAT BASIC 7.0 CAN DO IN A 128.

100 S=INT(RND(1)*15+1)
:IF S<5 THEN 100

110 MOVSPR 1,A #8

120 NEXT:LOOP

130 DATA 0,170,0,2,90,
128, 9,106

140 DATA 160,9,170,160,
37,170,168,38

150 DATA 170,168,38,170,
168,150,17 0,170

160 DATA 154,170,170,
170,170,170,170,170

170 DATA170,170,170,170,
170,170,170,170

180 DATA 170,170,42,170,
168,42,170,168

190 DATA 42,170,168, 10,
170,160,10,170

200 DATA 160,2,170,128,0,

170,0,0

Curve Explosion

Picture an infinite number of
different parabolic curves
streaming out like a fountain
from a central point on the
screen. That’s what Curve

Explosion does with its
short plotting routine. The
program works like a circle
algorithm, but it draws only
half a circle. Each curve has
a common starting point.
Run this one on your 128 to
see the intriguing display.

1 REM CURVE EXPLSION

10 COLOR 1,2:COLOR
0,1:COLOR1,4

20 GRAPHIC 1,1

30 DRAW ,0,199 TO 319,
199

40 DO:A=INT(RND(1)
*70+10)

50 B=INT(RND(1)*150+10)

60 C=INT(RND(1)*2+1)

70 IF C=1 THEN BEGIN

80 D=3.14:E=-.1:F=-.2:
G=A:BEND:ELSE
BEGIN

90 D=0:E=3.3:F=.2:G=-
A:BEND

100 LOCATE 160,199

110 FOR R=D TO E STEP F

WRITTEN BY
HENNING
VAHLENKAMP

120 X=INT(A*COS(R)):
Y=INT(B*SIN(R))
130 DRAW TO 160+G+X,

199-Y
140 NEXT R:LOOP

String Bounce

Are you looking for a new
way to display a message
on your 128? If.so, try
String Bounce. Just put any
message into A$, and this
program will move it around

the screen. If the message hits a bor-
der, it bounces off and continues in
the opposite direction. Your message
will leave a trail as it moves if you
change the color in line 90. Change
the 39 in lines 30 and 120 to 79 to
make the program work on the 80-col-
umn screen. Keep the message rea-
sonably short, or it will move down
excessively.

1 REM STRING BOUNCE

10 SCNCLR:A$="COMMODORE!"

20 COLOR 5,2:COLOR 0,1:COLOR

41

30 X=INT(RND(1)*39-LEN(A$)+.5)

40 IF X<0 THEN 30

50 Y=INT(RND(1)*23+1)

60 CHAR ,X,Y,A$:DX=1:DY=1

70 V=INT(RND(1)*3-1)

80 IF V=0 THEN 70

90 DO:XO=X:YO=Y:COLOR 5,1

100 CHAR ,XO,YO,A$:X=X+V*
DX:Y=Y+V*DY

110 IF X<1 THEN DX=-DX:X=XO

120 IF X>39-LEN(A$) THEN DX=-
DX:X=XO

130 IF Y<1 THEN DY=-DY:Y=YO

140 IF Y>23 THEN DY=-DY:Y=YO

150 COLOR 5,2:CHAR ,X,Y,AS

160 LOOP

Star Shapes

Star Shapes puts simple trigonome-
try to use so you can create an infi-
nite variety of star-like designs.
When you run the program, it asks
you for an x and y radius. These are
the radii of two circles. Lines are
drawn from each of ten points
arranged in a circle to each of ten
points around your circle. The results
produce elaborate symmetrical star
shapes. Run it to see what | mean.
These programs have few frills, so
you'll have to hit Run/Stop-Restore
and type RUN again to get this one
to repeat

1 REM STAR SHAPES

10 COLOR 1,2:COLOR 0,1:COLOR
41

20 INPUT“[SHFT CLR][CRSR DN]
ENTER X RADIUS: ";X1

30 INPUT“ENTER Y RADIUS: ";¥1

40 FOR D=1 TO 10:READ A(D),B(D)
‘NEXT

50 GRAPHIC 1,1

60 FOR L=1 TO 10

70 FOR R=0 TO 6.28 STEP .628

80 LOCATE A(L),B(L)

90 X=INT(X1*COS(R)):Y=INT (¥1* SIN
(R))

100 DRAW TO X+160,Y+100

110 NEXT R,L

120 DATA 249, 100,232, 147,187,176

130 DATA 132,176,87,146,70,99

140 DATA 87,52, 132,23, 188,24,233,53

G-4 COMPUTE MAY 1993

Brownian Symmetry

This little hack differs from typical
kaleidoscope-type programs by simu-
lating Brownian motion, the random
movement of microscopic particles in
a fluid. | won't attempt an explanation
of this phenomenon here, but it can
produce eye-catching designs.

The program works by displaying a
pixel influenced by Brownian motion
and copying it across four lines of sym-
metry, resulting in eight reflections. You
can choose hi-res or multicolor mode
for the display as well as whether to
erase the points after they're plotted. |
think you'll find that Brownian Symme-
try shows that there can be beauty in
scientific phenomena.

1 REM BROWNIAN SYMMETRY

10 V=1:COLOR 0,1:COLOR 4,1

20 INPUT“[SHFT CLR][CRSR DN](H)I-
RES OR (M)ULTI ";GRS

30 IF GR$="H" THEN SC=1:ELSE SC
=3:V=2

40 INPUT“[CRSR DNJERASE POINTS
(Y/N)";ERS

50 X=0:Y=0:P=2:GRAPHIC SC,1

60 IF SC=3 THEN P=INT(RND(1)* 15
+2)

70 COLOR 1,P

80 D=INT(RND(1)*15+1)

90 MX=INT(RND(1)*(D*2+.5)-D)

100 MY=INT(RND(1)*(D"2+.5)-D)

110 X=X+MX:Y=Y+MY

120 IF X<-100 THEN 80

130 IF Y<-100 THEN 80

140 IF X> 100 THEN 80

150 IF Y< 100 THEN 80

160 FOR L=1 TO 2

170 DRAW ,(160-X)/V,100+Y

180 DRAW ,(160-Y)/V,100+X
190 DRAW ,(160-X)/V,100-Y
200 DRAW ,(160-Y)/V, 100-X
210 DRAW ,(160+X)/V,100+Y

220 DRAW ,(160+Y)/V,100+X
230 DRAW ,(160+Y)/V,100-Y
240 DRAW ,(160+Y)/V,100-X
230 IF ER$="N” THEN 60

240 COLOR 1,1: NEXT L: GOTO 60

Star Bursts
Your monitor screen goes black and
then slowly fills with an infinite variety
of distinct, colorful explosions or star
bursts. That’s what the following pro-
gram will do on your 128. Each star
burst consists of 25 randomly select-
ed and colored rays emanating from a
central point. Try it; | think you'll find
this one is a real eye-catcher!

1 REM STAR BURSTS

10 COLOR 0,1:COLOR 4,1

20 GRAPHIC 3,1:DO

30 X1=INT(RND(1)*159)

40 Y1=INT(RND(1)*199)

50 FOR RP=1 TO 25

60 CS=INT(RND(1)*3+1)

70 CO=INT(RND(1)*7+2)

80 X2=INT(RND(1)*24-11.5)

90 Y2=INT(RND(1)*40-19.5)

100 COLOR CS,CO

110 DRAW CS,X1,Y1 TO
ABS(X1+X2), ABS(Y1+Y2)

120 NEXT:LOOP

Trig Show

Beginning math students often have
trouble remembering the six basic
trigonometric curves: sine, cosine,
tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotan-
gent. Trig Show helps by drawing
each curve one at a time from -2 times
pi to 2 times pi along the x-axis. It also
shows each curve’s relationship to
another curve since all of them appear
and overlap on the same screen.
When one curve finishes its plot, press
Return to see the next one. Try this
useful visual aid to increase your
understanding of these trigonometric
fundamentals. When typing this one
in, remember that to enter pi in line
250, hold down the Shift key while
simultaneously pressing the up-arrow
(#) key.

1 REM TRIG SHOW

10 COLOR 0,1:COLOR 4,1:COLOR
1,2

20 GRAPHIC 1,1

30 CHAR ,0,19,“TRIG”

40 CHAR ,0,20,“SHOW”

50 DRAW ,0,100 TO 319,100

60 DRAW ,159,0 TO 159,199

70 FOR X=0 TO 319 STEP 39.75

80 DRAW ,X,95 TO X, 105:NEXT

90 DRAW , 155,70 TO 165,70

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100 DRAW ,155,130 TO 165,130
110 CHAR ,39,12,"X":CHAR ,19,0,"Y”
420 BB=0:DEF FNY(X)=SIN(X)
130 CHAR ,7,10,"SIN":GOSUB250
140 BB=0:DEF FNY(X)=COS(X)
150 CHAR ,15,10,"COS":GOSUB250
160 BB=1:DEF FNY(X)=TAN(X)
170 CHAR ,12,2,"TAN":GOSUB250
180 BB=1:DEF FNY(X)=1/SIN(X)
490 CHAR ,30,22,"CSC”:GOSUB250
200 BB=1:DEF FNY(X)=1/COS(X)
210 CHAR ,12,22,"SEC":GOSUB250
220 BB=1:DEF FNY(X)=1/TAN(X)
230 CHAR ,30,2,*COT":GOSUB250
240 END
250 FOR X=.05 TO 4*(n) STEP .05
260 IF BB=1 THEN IF FNY(X)*30>=-
4100 AND FNY(X)*30<=100 THEN
DRAW ,X*25.5,100-FNY(X)"30
270 IF BB=0: THEN DRAW ,X*25.5,
4100- FNY(X)*30 280 NEXT: WAIT
212,1:RETURN

Now let's shift our attention to some
80-column gems.

Close and Open

Over the years, many routines have
been written to clear the 40-column
ext screen in different ways. The
ollowing short routine demonstrates
an interesting screen clear for the
128's often neglected 80-column text

screen. First, text is displayed, and
the program waits for a keypress.
Then the left and right sides of the
screen come together, squeezing out
the text. The screen is cleared, new
text is printed, and the screen
expands again to reveal it. Try this
one in your own programs instead of a
boring SCNCLR command.

1 REM CLOSE & OPEN

10 SCNCLR:PRINTCHR$(27)CHR$
(82)

20 CHAR ,26,10,“HERE IS THE
[CTRL 9] F! RS T[CTRL 0]
SCREEN"

30 GETKEY K$:IF K$="" THEN 30

40 R=86:L=6:DO

50 SYS 52684,R,35:SYS 52684,L,34

60 R=R-1:L=L+1

70 LOOP UNTIL R<L:SCNCLR:SLEEP1

80 CHAR ,25,10,“HERE IS THE [CTRL
9] SEC ON D[CTRL 0] SCREEN"

90 DO:R=R+1:L=L-1

100 SYS 52684,R,35:SYS 52684,L,34

110 LOOP UNTIL L<6

Shaker

Shaker does for the 128’s 80-column
screen what many routines have done
for the 40-column screen: It shakes it
back and forth. This hack takes
advantage of the VDC chip's little-

known smooth-scrolling feature. By
repeatedly moving the screen eight
pixels to the left then eight to the right
in increments of one, it produces this
smooth effect. Try it and liven up dull
text displays.

1 REM SHAKER

10 GRAPHIC 5,1:COLOR 5,5

20 FOR |=15 TO 64:CHAR ,I,6,"*":
CHAR, 1,16, "*":NEXT

30 CHAR ,36,8,"“SHAKER"

40 CHAR ,31,10,“COMPUTE'S
GAZETTE”

50 CHAR ,30,12,"324 WEST WEN
DOVER AVENUE"

60 CHAR ,29,14,"GREENSBORO, NC
27408"

70 FOR L=7 TO 0 STEP -1

80 SYS 52698,,25:RREG AC

90 SYS 52684,(AC AND 248)+L,25

100 NEXT L

110 FOR R=0 TO 7

120 SYS 52698, ,25:RREG AC

130 SYS 52684,(AC AND 248)+R,25

140 NEXT R:GOTO 70

| hope you take a few minutes to
type in these little gems and see what
a 128 can do. Feel free to modify and
embellish these programs and use
them as a basis for your own pro-
gramming ideas. Q

G-6 COMPUTE MAY 1993

Commodore

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$274 95 GEOS International Fonts 25.00 $115.00 IC 8701 FG 5.00
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. Pocket Planner 2 22.00 W ay Warranty. ‘No walting ft de! hi
Individually tested by CBM, Edatshon é 30.00 * 1541/1541C Internal Drive - $85.00 in by 2PM aah but the aenaaa Second
each drive is of consistent | _ "it Shop Companion ne + 1571 Interanal Drive - $85.00 Tee ee eT
high quality! SwiftCale (64) 400 | 64 P. Supply - $79. Parcel Post or DHL. Domestic orders are
iliti E i i * C128 Keyboard - 36.00 shipped UPS.
Super 81 Utilities 64-128 (Specify) 14.00 C1280 Keyboard - $22 * All orders are subject to credit card
MINDSCAPE WordWriter 6 29.95 sctzep nee. Supply - $38 pa neicaion aN
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POWERPLAYERS + C128 Ext. P. Supply Refurb - $34.
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* Pistol grip complete line of software, Aprotek 2400 w/software $89.95 small items, Call for larger items (ie. Monitors).
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arge trigger hardware, and Amiga computers, Supra 2400 - $79.00 Canadian, APO, & International orders are
N * Originally $34.95 including the AOD, A1200, Peak Modem Interface for charges & Incurance at ne of oder 1S se
One for $8.95 - Two for $8.50 each) A2000, A3000, & A4000. non-CBM units - $29.00 stocking fee on all returns not exchanged.

© Copyright 1993, techWriters Inc. All Rights Reserved

REVIEWS

THE LOST WORLD

Does this sound familiar?
You're tired of shoot-'em-up
computer games that do
nothing for a child’s mind,
but your child shuns educa-
tional games in favor of ac-
tion and adventure. If that's
the case, then Free Spirit
Software has the answer for
both of you in an adventure
program it has just imported
from the land down under.
Based on a Sir Arthur Con-
an Doyle novel published at
the turn of the century, The
Lost World is an offering
from Satchel Software, a
company that promotes the
use of computers and com-
puter text games in the
school systems throughout
South Australia. This partic-
ular program, geared to-
ward junior high students,
ties in nicely with the study
of fossils, dinosaurs, and nat-
ural history. The game also
helps students by encourag-
ing reading, increasing vo-
cabulary, widening thought
processes, developing con-
centration, and developing
problem-solving strategies.
With these goals in mind,
you would probably expect
The Lost World to be bor-
ing. It's not! The game is
great fun! It combines text
commands with colorful
graphics in a rollicking ad-
venture that can be played
alone or solved as part of a
group effort. You'll find your-
self facing quite an array of
obstacles and many unique
elements. In fact, if you
don't use your head, you
might end up as a tasty tid-
bit for a hungry dinosaur.
The game's text com-
mands are relatively simple.
Directions (north, west, up,
down, and so on) can be ab-
breviated by typing the first
letter of the word. Young-
sters who aren't familiar
with a keyboard won't be

G-8 COMPUTE MAY 1993

put off by having to type in
a lot of text. Action com-
mands are kept simple, too,
using verbs such as take,
cut, drop, make, and so on.
This lets children with vary-
ing reading levels play and
enjoy the game. You can al-
so save your adventure—a
nice feature if you’ve just

want to do some reports for
extra credit, too.

The Lost World is far
more than a text game and
activity book. In fact, this
three-disk package outdis-
tances any game program
I've ever seen, Satchel actu-
ally gives you an incredible
resource disk in this pro-

Players will have fun finding treasure, discovering fossils, and
meeting dinosaurs in The Lost World, but they'll also be learning.

had an unfortunate encoun-
ter with an Allosaur.

Satchel wants its software
to be challenging but not
frustrating. The program-
mers have found that a little
help goes a long way, so
they've included a 176-
page manual that is divided
into two parts. The first 67
pages are for the teacher,
and they offer suggestions
and possible solutions for
the game. This section
should be used sparingly.
Children in the appropriate
age range should be able to
solve the game with just a
few hints to steer them in
the right direction. The re-
maining 109 pages of the
manual are a bonus. They
are crammed with games,
crossword puzzles, and
short articles that will pique
a child's curiosity and offer
hours of related activities.
There's lots of good informa-
tion here for students who

gram that includes a basic
database, a simple-to-use
word processor called Easy
Word, and several disk utili-
ties—all designed for junior
high students.

The database is already
set up with five files that per-
tain to dinosaurs, explorers,
and imaginary lands. Users
can choose to view, edit,
search, or sort the files.
They can also add, delete,
and print records. While the
users can't create their own
files, this program helps famil-
iarize them with ways to
work within databases and
access information.

The people at Satchel Soft-
ware realize that novices of-
ten inadvertently erase por-
tions of their projects while
learning to use a new pro-
gram. To reduce this frustrat-
ing possibility, some com-
mands, such as DELETE,
have safeguards built into
them that prevent a user

from erasing the entire data-
base. Speaking from person-
al experience, there've
been many times when I've
wished for this feature on
my own database.

The word processor includ-
ed in The Lost World is
called Easy Word, and it
lives up to its name. It's a
practical, 40-column word
processor that is so simple
to use that kids will enjoy us-
ing it for reports and other
writing tasks. Satchel has
built several safeguards into
the word processor pro-
gram, too. For example, func-
tion keys handle most com-
mands within the program
(LOAD, CLEAR, SAVE,
ERASE, CENTER, PRINT),
and these commands stay’
onscreen throughout the pro-
gram. That way users won't
lose any work trying to re-
member the right command.

Another safeguard built in-
to the program restricts ac-
cess to the Erase option.
When you press f8 to erase
files, you get a message in-
forming you that Erase is a re-
stricted option. You then
have to go through several
more steps, including enter-
ing the full name of the file
you want to erase. After all
these steps, it's rather unlike-
ly that you'll accidentally de-
lete an important file.

| think you're going to be
very surprised when you
check out The Lost World.
This package delivers every-
thing that its developers
promise and more. | for one
am going to be watching for
more programs bearing the
Satchel Software name.
MARTI PAULIN

Commodore 64 or 128—$39.95

SATCHEL SOFTWARE

Distributed by Free Spirit Software
720 Sycamore St.

Columbus, IN 47201

(812) 376-9964

Circle Reader Service Number 414

WESTERN WESTERN
Graphics for WESTERN HERITAGE HERITAGE
Commodore 64 = Graphics
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specified.

Bible Search 3.2

. The entire Old & New Testament text on 4-1541/71 disks.

. An Exhaustive English Concordance on 2-1541/71 disks.
Indexes every word in the entire Bible; 700,000+ references,

Incredible five (5) second look-up time, per/word, per/disk.

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KJV $49.95 | NIV $59.95 | KJV & NIV $90

Includes: C64 & C128 programs; screen, printer and disk output;

users guide, disk case. Available on 7-1541/71, or 4-1581 disks.
"= Any questions? Call or write for more information.

Also available! Amiga, Bible Search

Big Blue Reader 128/64 - 4.0

Transfers word processing, text, ASCII, and binary files between

(64/128 and IBM PC compatible 360K 5.25" and 720K 3.5" disks.

New Version 4.0 features: Transfers ASCII, PET ASCII and Screen

Code files including: WordWriter, PocketWriter, SpeedScript, PaperClip,

WriteStuff, GEOS, EasyScript, Fleet System and most others.

Supports drives # 8-30. New Backup (C128) and Format (1571/1581)

programs, Reads MS-DOS sub-directories, uses joystick, and more.
Includes C128 & C64 programs. Requires 1571 or 1581 Disk Drive,

Big Blue Reader 128/64 - 4.0 only $44.95
Version 4.0 upgrade, send original BBR disk plus $18,
COD. US funds only.

= . No Credit Card orders.
Canada & Mexico add $4 S/H, Overseas add $10 S/H ($5 BBR)

SOGWAP Software @ (219)724-3900

115 Bellmont Road; Decatur, Indiana 46733

ne

NAMBwW

Create a Total Western Environment with 143 designs
90 Graphics, 42 Borders and 11 Fonts for the Print Shop.
All New Western Designs by Professional Artists,

+ Instructions to make 10 Gunfighters of the Old West, Wanted Posters,
+ Authentic Indian Symbols Font, designed for secret messages.

+ Matching Fonts, Borders, and Graphics, for a Professional look.

» Comes in a Beautiful Collectors Notebook, to Organize your Creations.

x Old Ranch Brands, Wagons, Horse Shoes, Cattle, Engish Riders, Gunfighters, Indians,
Cowboys, Ropes, Hats, Boots, Saddles, and more.

fe oe Stim 4i

Horse Feathers Graphics, N, 27310 Short Road, Deer Park, WA. 99006-9712

Order by check, money order, or
e

Circle Reader Service Number 234

“Gazette Gallery,” where each month we present the
very best in original 64 and 128 artwork.
So don’t waste another moment. Subscribe to-
day to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk and get 12 issues
for only $49.95. You save almost 60% off the single-
issue price. Clip or photocopy and mail completed
% coupon today.
Individual issues of the disk are available for

& $9.95 (plus $2.00 shipping and handling) by writing

to COMPUTE, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite
200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.

YES! Start my one-year subscription
to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk right away
for only $49.95.*

O Payment enclosed (check or money order)

OCharge OMasterCard O Visa

|
|
Yes, save time and money! Subscribe to the Gazette !
Disk and get all the exciting, fun-filled Gazette pro-
grams for your Commodore 64 or 128—already on |
disk! |
Subscribe today, and month after month you'll
get all the latest, most challenging, and fascinating |

programs published in the corresponding issue of | Acct. No. Exp. Date

COMPUTE. ! Signature

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

New on the Gazette Disk! In addition to the Name er
programs that appear in the magazine, you'll also addrass
get outstanding bonus programs. These programs, ’
which are often too large to offer as type-ins, are Ser ZIP]
available only on disk—they appear nowhere else. Province Postal Code

As another Gazette Disk extra, check out Mail to COMPUTE's Gazette Disk, P.O. Box $250, Harlan, IA 51593-2430
Residents of NC and NY, please add appropriate sales tax for your area. Canadian

orders, add 7% goods and services tax.

The classic best-selling
Commodore 64 reference

MAPPING
THE

Commodore

64 &64C

VIDEO DIGITIZER

There’s a new digitizer on the market.
This German import, called simply Vid-
eo Digitizer, is distributed in the U.S.
by RIO Computers. Video Digitizer
does far more than simply replace Com-
puterEyes, which has been discontin-
ued—it leaves it in the dust!

The screen image is limited to stan-
dard Commodore high-resolution, and
you need a decent image and a stable
source signal if you hope to accom-
plish anything. But this little gem man-
ages to find a clean image where Com-
puterEyes could see only black-and-

guide. Mapping the Com-
modore 64 and 64C is a
comprehensive memory

guide for beginning and advanced programmers.

white streaks. | ran the cable from my

new VCR (which
making sure it cou

bought only after
id produce a nearly

perfect freeze-frame) to my Commo-

dore 128 (in 64 mo

de) and compared

Video Digitizer with ComputerEyes on

the same video image. Video Digitizer

To order your copy send $18.95 plus $2.50 for shipping and handling
(U.S., $4 to Canada and $6 other) to COMPUTE Books, c/o CCC, 2500

created a perfectly
of Captain Kirk, w
covered the poor c

presentable picture
hile ComputerEyes
aptain with streaks.

supplies last.

McClellan Ave. Pennsauken, NJ 08109. (Residents of NC, NJ, and NY
please add appropriate tax; Canadian orders add 7% Goods and Servic-
es Tax.) All orders must be paid in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.
Orders will be shipped via UPS Ground Service. Offer good while

OMNI
TIME CAPSULES

ope)

Now the magazine of the future can be
kept for the future. Store your issues of
OMNI in a new Custom Bound Library Case
made of black simulated leather. It’s built to
last, and It will keep 12 issues in mint
condition indefinitely. The spine is embossed
with the gold OMNI logo, and in each case
there Is a gold transfer for
recording the date.

Send your check or money order
($8.95 each; 3 for $24.95; 6 for $45.95)
postpaid USA orders only. Foreign
orders add $1.50 additional for
postage and handling per case

To; OMNI MAGAZINE
Jesse Jones Industries, 499 E. Erie Ave.
Phila., PA 19134

CREDIT CARD HOLDERS (orders over $15)
CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-825-6690

Or mail your order, clearly showing your
account number and signature,
Pa. residents add 7% sales fox.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

No Wild, No Wildlife.

Ne wel

<—

PHOTO: TOM & PAT LEESON

Life in the wild can be pretty tough these
days. Without the necessary ancient-forest

habitat to live in, some species like the
northern spotted owl of the Pacific North-
west are severely threatened.

At the Sierra Club, we believe that these
owls and the ancient forest ecosystems they
depend on need our help.

To learn more about our work protecting the
forest habitats of endangered species such
as the northern spotted owl, write or call:
Sierra Club, Dept. PB
730 Polk Street, San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 776-2211

| was impressed!

Of course, any digitized image
needs at least a little touching up.
With ComputerEyes this always meant
loading a third-party conversion pro-
gram such as Icon Factory and porting
the image over to Doodle or geoPaint
for touch-ups. Video Digitizer, on the
other hand, has a drawing program
called Eddison that's built right in! As
a matter of fact, Eddison is a full-fea-
tured, sophisticated graphics tool in its
own right. In a sense, Video Digitizer is
an add-on accessory to Eddison, not
the other way around, After all, the dig-
itizer is controlled from an icon that's a
selection on Eddison's menu, just like
the pencil or brush choices.

Video Digitizer scans an image in
black-and-white or gray scale. The for-
mer requires less time to scan and is
considerably more forgiving about the
picture you choose. It creates a very
recognizable scan of a person's face,
for example, even if it’s not a close-
up. The downside is that the image is
comprised of areas that are strictly
black or white. There are no shades of
gray between the two. You can manu-
ally set the threshold level (the dark-
ness level at which the software choos-
es to make a pixel black instead of
white), which greatly alters the look of
the scan. This high-contrast image is
great for many things. If you plan to re-
size the image later in a program like
geoPublish, it's the only way to go.

Gray-scale scans are created with a
myriad of dots in patterns to create lev-
els of gray. This sounds great in theo-
ry, but when it comes down to prac-
tice, there usually isn’t sufficient con-
trast in the source image to give you a

well-defined image. This isn’t a flaw in
the Video Digitizer, however; Comput-
erEyes does the same thing. A live vid-
eo image from a video camera with
good lighting to create sharp contrast
can be scanned successfully this way.
A video tape image, on the other
hand, will usually wash out. Fortunate-
y, it's a simple matter in Eddison to
scan and rescan using various meth-
ods until you come up with an image
you like. This is perhaps the single
most impressive feature of the Video
Digitizer system. You not only have the
choice of repeating your scan quickly
and easily, but you can also immediate-
ly use Eddison to alter each image to
see if it fits the bill. This little unit, bare-
ly the size of a standard cartridge, isa
joy to work with.

This is not to say that everything is
perfect. Probably the biggest draw-
back to Video Digitizer is its price. The
competition (now limited to VideoByte
and its companion cartridge, Video-
Mate) retails for less than half Video Dig-
itizer's price. Granted, Video Digitizer
runs circles around VideoByte’s convert-
ed multicolor images if you want a high-
resolution scan and can justify the
price.

Another major disappointment is Vid-
eo Digitizer's documentation. Like Vid-
eoFox ‘and other products in this line,
the manuals for Digitizer and Eddison
are poor translations of the original Ger-
man, with sentences running from com-
ical to unintelligible. A number of fea-
tures are so poorly described that |
was forced to give up when | couldn't
figure them out by trial and error. Rich-
ard Ollins, president of RIO Comput-
ers, assures me that a new comprehen-
sive set of manuals are available. With
the new documentation, all the prod-
ucts in this line, including VideoFox, Pa-
geFox, and the new genlock that RIO
plans to release, will be integrated in-
to an impressive set of graphics and vid-
e0 tools for the 64.

If you're a “Star Trek” and a graph-
ics fan like me and dream of using
great pictures on your computer of
Spock, the Enterprise, and maybe
your brother, then Video Digitizer is
worth the cost. | know I'll gladly ear-
mark $250 for one when my strained
budget allows. I've never been so sad
as when | had to pack up this review
unit of Video Digitizer and ship it back
to the company.

STEVE VANDER ARK

Commodore 64 or 128—$249

RIO COMPUTERS

3430 E. Tropicana Ave., Ste. 65
Las Vegas, NV 89121

(702) 454-0335

Circle Reader Service Number 415 o

C64/128 PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE
REQUEST FREE CATALOG or send $2 for sample disk and catalog (RE-
FUNDABLE). Categories include education, utilities, games, business,
PRINT SHOP graphics, pre-tested programs and more. Rent for 75¢ or

buy as low as $1.00 per disk side or for 80¢ for 70 or more. $20 order
gets 4 free disks of your choice.
NEXT DAY SHIPPING!
eS CALOKE INDUSTRIES (Dept. GK)
= PO BOX 18477, RAYTOWN, MO 64133

SINCE 1986
Visa)

Circle Reader Service Number 181

DEPENDABLE SERVICE FOR YOUR COMMODORE!
C-64, 1541, C-128, or 1571:==FAST TurnaRounp!

$25 .°° pLus parts AUTHORIZED COMMODORE
Send computer* or drive with name, ad- SERVICE CENTER
dress, phone, & describe problem. We'll ts ke ke ek
call with parts estimate, then repair and 90 DAY WARRANTY
return to you insured by UPS. Payment ON ALL REPAIRS
can be COD or VISA, M/C. Minimum
charge, estimate only is $20. * Include power supply.

503 East St. Dept. C
TYCOM Inc.

Pittsfield, MA 01201

(413) 442-9771

Circle Reader Service Number 242

Upqrada your Commodore systam
Refurbished Hardware
MOMITORS DRIVES OTHER
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Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.
Cotaloge disk om 64 format Fé

ESCAPE ROUTE
The Adventures of

Eric Hawthorne, P.I.
C-64 or C-128 In 64 MODE
ACTION/STRATEGY/BOARD GAME
Catch the infamous ICELADY before she crosses the border!
Fun for all ages!
$19.95 Check or Money Order
CREATIVE PIXELS LTD.
PO Box 592, Library , PA 15129

Circle Reader Service Number 113

SUPER MARIO BROS
FOR THE C-64/128!

This fantastic PD version boasts 32 worlds,
dazzling graphics and awesome sound! 37 OTHER TOP QUALITY GAMES are

included on two disks! At 32 cents a game, this is a bargain a true game lover
can't pass up! To order, send your return address & $9.00 for each Game Pack
plus $3 postage and handling to:

PowerDisk + 6813 Lotus Way, West Jordan, UT 84084

™ Super Mario Bros. is a registered trademark of Nintendo.

MAY 1993 COMPUTE

G-11

G-12

The 64’s

missing memory,
loading the first
file in a directory,
and more

COMPUTE MAY 1993

FEEDBACK

Why Only 39K?

If the 64 has 64K of memory,
how come only 39K is availa-
ble to BASIC programming?

A. MARIE
SAN ANTONIO, TX

At the heart of all personal
computers is the microproces-
sor. In the 64, this processor
is the 6510, a variation of the
6502 used in the Apple. One
characteristic of this chip is
that it can access only 64K of
memory at a time.

If the designers of the 64
simply filled the computer
with 64K of empty memory,
the machine would be help-
less. Computers need certain
built-in programs to function.
Don't confuse these built-in
programs with the programs
you write yourself or load
from disk. The built-in pro-
grams are stored in special
memory chips called ROM
(Read Only Memory). Unlike
other programs, they remain
safe in their ROM memory
chips even when power is
turned off. The BASIC lan-
guage itself is one of these
programs. Another program
is the computer's operating
system, which performs house-
keeping duties.

These internal programs
need some of the 64K of
space that the 6510 micropro-
cessor chip can address. To
make room for them, the 64
designers used some of the
RAM area. That's why, when
programming in BASIC, you
have only 38,911 bytes of
memory. The 25K of RAM
that appear to be missing are
taken up by the BASIC inter-
preter program, the operating
system, and other things. The
designers did make it possi-
ble, however, to switch off the
64's ROM, thus freeing the
full 64K of RAM underneath.

Unfortunately, when you
switch off BASIC and the op-
erating system, you are left
with what amounts to an un-

conscious computer. You
must replace the operating
system software with some of
your own that takes care of
the necessary housekeeping
tasks. Since BASIC is gone,
this replacement must be ma-
chine language. Therefore,
the full 64K of RAM is availa-
ble, but only to advanced pro-
grammers fluent in machine
language.

Load Me First

| have a question about mak-
ing a menu program the first
one on a directory. | have a
disk of files, and no matter
how often | save the menu pro-
gram, it doesn't come first in
the listing. | want to be able to
load the menu by simply typ-
ing LOAD‘*”.8 and RUN.
How do | do that?

T. AIGHT
BOSTON, MA

You can load the first pro-
gram on a directory listing
with LOAD“*".8 only if you're
loading a program for the
first time. After that, that com-
mand will load the last pro-
gram loaded. To load the first
program any time, use LOAD
“0:*",8. Now let's address the
real question.

To make any program the
first program on the disk re-
quires that the program that
is currently first be replaced.
Here's how to do it.

Place the disk you want to
rearrange into the disk drive.
Load and list the directory.
Note the program at the top
of the directory list. (Press
Run/Stop if necessary to
keep the list from scrolling off
the screen.) This first program
on the disk is the one you'll
have to move to make room
for your menu program.

Use the COPY command
to duplicate the first program
with another name, for exam-
ple, OPEN 15,8,15, “COPYO:
newname=oldname”; CLOSE
15. Newname is the name of

the copy, and oldname is the
name of the original.

Once you've copied the pro-
gram elsewhere on the disk,
you can safely delete the orig-
inal with the SCRATCH com-
mand: OPEN 15,8,15, ‘SO:
oldname": CLOSE 15. As be-
fore, oldname is the name of
the original. Now you can use
the RENAME command to
change the new name back
to the original. Its format is
OPEN 15,8, 15, "RO: oldname
=newname”: CLOSE 15. Now
you have two possibilities. If
your menu program is already
on the disk, you can use the
COPY command, which will
move the menu to the front of
the disk. If the menu program
isn’t already on the disk, in-
sert a disk that contains the
program and load it in. Re-
place that disk with the one
you've been working with and
save the menu program to it.

If you've done everything
right, your menu program
should now be the first pro-
gram on the disk. Test it by
by entering LOAD'0:*",8.

Underlining

| have a 64, Cardco + G inter-
face, Star SG10 printer, and
WordPro 3 Plus word proces-
sor. | can't get my system to
underline anything. All four
products claim to support un-
derlining, so please tell me
what to do in this regard. I'm
not that knowledgeable
about BASIC programming or
the equipment. My main de-
sire is to use the equipment
for word processing.

PENNY CAESAR
FORT WAYNE, IN

One of the most common
questions we receive is how
to get a certain printer to
work with a certain interface
and a certain software pack-
age. Although the questions
are similar, there are literally
hundreds of answers, depena-
ing on what hardware and soft-

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Underlining from
within a

word processor, and

impossible to load

G-14

COMPUTE MAY 1993

FEEDBACK

ware are being used. Given
three interfaces, five printers,
and seven word processors,
you could find 105 different
ways to hook them up and
possibly 105 different an-
swers to the question of under-
lining. Unfortunately, we don't
have access to much of the
equipment or software men-
tioned, so it's difficult for us to
find the specific answer.

There are three routes you
could take: First, write or call
the manufacturers of your print-
er, interface, and software.
The worst that could happen
is that you'd get no reply. If
you bought your printer at a lo-
cal Commodore dealer (very
few of those, these days),
someone at the store may be
able to help.

Second, try contacting a lo-
cal user group. You may find
someone there who has simi-
lar equipment. Or perhaps
someone with printer experi-
ence can help you find the an-
swer through experimenting.

Third, check your printer
manual for the codes that
turn underlining on and off. In
your case, the way to enable
underlining should be ESC -
1, which means send an es-
cape (ESC) character, a mi-
nus sign, and a CHR$(1). To
disable underlining, you'd
send ESC - 0. This is often
called an escape sequence
because you use the ESC
character followed by a se-
quence of one or more other
characters. The ASCII value
of ESC is 27, and the ASCII
value of the minus sign is 45.
To test this, enter and run the
following BASIC program.

10 OPEN 4,4

20 PRINT#4,CHR$(27); CHR$(45);
CHRS(1);

30 PRINTS$4,‘‘THIS SHOULD BE
UNDERLINED.”;

40 PRINT#4,CHR$(27); CHR$(45);
CHRS$(0);

50 PRINTS$4,‘‘ AND THIS IS NOT.”

60 PRINT#4:CLOSE 4

If the printer underlined the
first sentence, but not the sec-
ond, you have the proper
codes.

If it didn't work, there
could be several things
wrong. Here's where it be-
comes a little complicated.
You may have mistyped the
program; check the spelling
and punctuation. The inter-
face may have intercepted
the codes before they
reached the printer. Escape
sequences can sometimes
be used to program interfac-
es as well as to set printer op-
tions. If you have such an in-
terface, it may have seen the
ESC and thought that it was in-
tended to be an interface
code and not a printer code.
If that’s the case, you'll have
to send ESC twice. Usually,
when a programmable inter-
face receives two ESC
codes, it sends the second
one to the printer.

Another potential problem
is that the DIP switches on
the printer or interface might
be in the wrong position. DIP
switches control the way your
interface or printer acts.
These vary widely from brand
to brand, so check the printer
manual and the interface man-
ual for guidance on the prop-
er settings.

Finally, it may be that your
printer needs a different es-
cape sequence for underlin-
ing; again, it's necessary to
check your manual.

Before you start experiment-
ing with the word processor,
try to underline from a BASIC
program. When you know the
proper escape sequence
from BASIC, you'll be pre-
pared to try it from the word
processor.

Some word processors use
printer files to keep track of
various printer settings.
When you place a generic un-
derline command in the doc-
ument, the proper escape se-
quence is sent when you print

the document, providing
you've previously loaded the
correct printer file.

Other word processors re-
quire you to know the com-
mands to enable or disable un-
derlining and other features.
You'll have to check the doc-
umentation for your word proc-
essor. If you need to use the
commands, you'll have to de-
fine three format keys for
CHR§(27), CHR&(0), and
CHR§$(1). Then, whenever
you want to underline, place
the defined key for 27, -, and
the key for 1 in the text of
your document.

Unloadable Files

| remember seeing a program-
ming tip somewhere that pro-
tected files from being loaded
by unauthorized people. It re-
quired a code to load. Do you
know of such a way that | can
protect my programs?

RAY FISHER,

PALATKA, FL

There are a number of ways a
programmer can “lock” his or
her BASIC programs from pry-
ing eyes, but here's a simple
way that won't force you to re-
member any exotic codes.
Just remember the character
string (CHR$) for a comma,
which is CHR$(34).

When you are ready to
save your program, use this
format: SAVE ‘filename’+
CHR&(34),8. Use your own pro-
gram name for filename.
When you list the disk's direc-
tory, this program will appear
normal. Try to load it, howev-
er, and you'll get a FILE NOT
FOUND error. To load the pro-
gram, you'll have to enter
LOAD" filename"+CHR$(34),8.

Send your questions and com-
ments to Gazette Feedback,
COMPUTE Publications, 324

West Wendover Avenue,
Suite 200, Greensboro, North
Carolina 27408. i)

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Readers respond
with their own

programs to generate

G-16

52 nonrepeating
random numbers.

COMPUTE MAY 1993

BEGINNER BASIC

Larry Cotton

NONREPEATING
NUMBERS RETURN

Last November, | challenged
you to submit programs that
would generate nonrepeating
random numbers in either BA-
SIC or machine language.
Thank you for your responses.
Appropriately, all of the re-
sponses were in BASIC. (I'd
hoped for a few ML versions,
but | suppose mine couldn't
be improved. In my dreams!)
The object was to compare
BASIC and ML speed by gen-
erating 52 nonrepeating num-
bers, such as you get when
shuffling a deck of cards.
And the winner is Howard
Monroe. (I'm sorry, Howard. |
misplaced your envelope, so
| don't know where you live.)
Here’s Howard's program.

5 PRINT'‘(CLR)(DOWN)PRESS
ANY KEY TO RANDOMIZE 52
NUMBERS”

6 PRINT WITHOUT
REPEATS.”:PRINT

7 GETAS:IFAS="'"THEN7

10 C=52:0=RND(-TI/101)

20 DIM R(C),X(C)

25 REM INITIALIZE THE DECK

30 FORI=1T0C:X(1)=1:NEXTI

35 REM GENERATE 52 RANDOM

NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND 52
INCLUSIVE

40 FORI=1TOC:R(I)=INT(C*RND(1))

+1:NEXTI

45 REM GENERATE THE RANDOM

PERMUTATION
50 FORI=1TOC:A=R(!):B=X(I):
X(I)=X(A):X(A)=B:NEXTI

60 FORI=1T0C

70 PRINT X(I),

80 NEXTI

90 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT‘ ‘AGAIN?

(Y=YES, N=NO)":PRINT

100 GETAS:IFAS<>"Y" THENIF

AS<>‘'N" THEN100
110 IFAS="N” THENEND
120 GOTO40

Howard points out that the im-
portant lines are 10-50 and
that in reshuffling the “deck,”
it's important to branch back

to line 40, not line 30.

His program is unique in
that the time it takes to gener-
ate the 52 numbers is virtual-
ly the same each time the pro-
gram runs. This is not so of
my primitive version or of any
of the other submissions that
rely on IF-THEN statements to
test the random numbers,

Howard's program requires
only 118 jiffies (I'll explain this
term in a moment) to gener-
ate the 52 numbers. To time
how long a routine takes, add
a line like this where you
want the timer to start.

1 Ti$="'000000"

A clock, based on the 64's
CPU clock, measures time in
jiffies (about '/eo second). The
jiffy clock can be set to 0 with
a line like that above. From
then on, that clock runs fran-
tically until it’s reset.

If you'd like to see the jiffy
clock in action, just type
PRINT Tlin immediate (nonpro-
gram) mode and press Re-
turn. Do this a few times and
watch as the jiffies fly by. In
program mode, you would
add a line number to the com-
mand, such as 55 PRINT TI.

The clock is set to 0 in line
1, and line 55 prints the num-
ber of jiffies that have elapsed
since then. Everything that
happens between line 1 and
line 55 is timed in jiffies.

But | digress. My Novem-
ber program often took 4700
or more jiffies to generate the
52 numbers. Howard's speed-
enhanced version blew mine
away by a factor of almost 40.
All other programs submitted
beat mine by factors of 2-15.
My next challenge was to see
if | could squeeze any more
speed out of Howard's pro-
gram. Yes, | could—but not
much. First, | changed his ran-
dom statement in line 40.

40 FORI=1TOC:R(I}=INT
(C*RND(.))+1: NEXT

The number inside the paren-
theses that follows RND can
be anything, so | made it 0. Ac-
tually, by substituting a period
for the numeral 0, it works
even faster. This shaved 18 jif-
fies off Howard's time. Then |
combined the last two FOR-
NEXT loops into one and
dropped the | variable. This
eliminated a calculation and
shaved another 14 jiffies.

| tried using DEF FN to de-
fine the RND function, but
that actually slowed down the
program. | also tried making
the 1 in line 40 a constant;
that didn't help either. So
here's the speed-enhanced
version. It times everything up
to the actual printing of the
numbers and also rudely
strips away the program's us-
er-friendliness.

10 TIs="000000"

20 PRINTCHRS(147)

30 C=52:0=RND(-TI/101)

40 DIMR(C),X(C)

50 FORI=1TOC:X(I)=I:NEXT

60 FORI=1TOC:A=INT(C*
RND(.))41:B=X(I):X(I)=X(A);
X(A)=B:NEXT

70 PRINTTI:PRINT

80 FORI=1TOC

90 PRINTX(|),

100 NEXT

An elegant (albeit slower)
version by David Zammat of
Summit, New Jersey, tests
whether each new integer gen-
erated has been used previ-
ously. If it hasn't, the program
prints it and generates anoth-
er one. | received several var-
iants of this program

10 D=52:DIM U(D)

20 FOR C=1 T0 D

30 N=INT(D*RND(1))+1

401FU(N)=OTHENU(N)=1:PRINTN;:
NEXT:END

50 GOTO 30

Again, thanks, Howard,
David, and all the others for
your input. I'll try to offer anoth-
er challenge before long.

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G-18

Create an

array in BASIC
and modify

it with machine
language.

COMPUTE MAY 1993

MACHINE LANGUAGE

Jim Butterfield

ARRAYS

If you create an array in BA-
SIC, that array can be used or
modified by machine lan-
guage programs. The start-of-
arrays pointer tells where to
find the first array, Using the
pointer, the ML program looks
for the array it wants and then
goes for the data.

The first two bytes of an ar-
ray give its name. The next
two bytes give the array’s
size, which enables a pro-
gram to leap ahead to the
next array if desired. The fifth
byte contains the number of di-
mensions. Following that,
each dimension has a two-
byte number that shows its
size (including the 0 element).
Thus, a one-dimensional array
has seven bytes of header ma-
terial, after which the data is
stored. Integer arrays—which
we'll use in our sample pro-
gram—store each value in two
bytes.

The start-of-arrays pointer
may be found at addresses
$2F and $30 on the VIC-20,
Plus-4, and 64. The 128 sites
the pointer at $31 and $32—
but be careful, the values them-
selves are stored in bank 1.

Let's take a look at a sam-
ple program that uses BASIC
to set up an integer array.
We'll then ask a machine lan-
guage program to calculate a
Fibonacci series and place it
in that array. A Fibonacci se-
ries starts with values 1 and 1
(or 0 and 1, if you like). Each
new value is the sum of the
two previous values. The se-
ties goes 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
and so on.

Our BASIC program cre-
ates only one array. To keep
Our program small, we won't
check the array name, but we
will check its size, since the cal-
culated values should not over-
run the array area.

The code starts by copying
the start-of-arrays pointer into
awork pointer at $22 and $23.

033C: LDA $2F: STA $22: LDA $30
:STA $23

Next, we extract the size of
the array and add it to the ar-
ray address. That gives us
the address of the next array,
the end of this one. We'll
store it at $08C0/1.

LDY #$02: CLC; LDA ($22),Y: ADC
$22: STA $03CO

INY: LDA ($22),Y: ADC $23: STA
$0301

Skip seven bytes to get
past the header data.

LDA $22: ADC #$07: STA $22: BCC
$0360: INC $23

The array initially contains all
Os. Reaching beyond element
0, we'll change element 1 toa
value of 1.

0360: LDY #$03: LDA #$01: STA
($22),Y

Now the program proceeds
to set up a second pointer,
with a value of the first point-
er plus 2. These two pointers
will reference adjacent values
in the array.

CLC: LDA $22: LDY $23

ADC #$02: STA $24: BCC $0372:
INY

0372: STY $25

Here comes our main loop
in the program. We add togeth-
er the two pointed-at values
and put the result temporarily
on the stack.

0374: LDY #$01: CLC: LDA
($22),Y: ADC ($24),Y: PHA
DEY: LDA ($22),Y: ADC ($24),Y:
PHA

Now we bump the pointers to
the next set of values.

CLC: LDA $24: LDY $25: STA $22:
STY $23

ADC #$02: BCC $0390: INY

0390: STA $24: STY $25

If we have moved beyond
the array's end, we'll exit.

CMP $03C0: TYA: SBC $03C1: BCS
$03A9

Otherwise, we bring back the
value from the stack and
store it in the new array loca-
tion. Then we loop back.

LDY #$00: PLA: STA ($24),Y
INY: PLA: STA ($24),Y
CLC: BCC $0374

If it's time to exit, we must re-
member to remove the two un-
wanted bytes from the stack.

O3A9: PLA: PLA: RTS

You may change the size
of the array as defined by the
DIM statement in the BASIC
program, but integer arrays
can't hold a value greater
than 32,767.

Don't forget that BASIC
can move arrays to a new lo-
cation to make room for new
variables, Always work from
the start-of-arrays pointer; its
value may have changed
since you last used it.

EG 8@ PRINT "(64 ONLY) M/L ARR
AY ACCESS"

XK 96 DIM A%(20)

EM 160 DATA 165,47,133,34,165,
48,133,35,168,2,24,177,
34,101,34

HE 11@ DATA 141,192,3,200,177,
34,161,35,141,193,3,165
134,165,7

AA 120 DATA 133,34,144,2,238,3
5,160,3,169,1,145,34,24
1 165,34

XC 130 DATA 164,35,105,2,133,3
6,144,1,200,132,37,166,
1,24

CE 14@ DATA 177,34,113,36,72,1
36,177,34,113,36,72,24,

165,36,164,37

DATA 133,34,132,35,165,
2,144,1,266,133,36,132,
37

DATA 205,192,3,152,237,
193,3,176,12,160,0,104,

SH 158

DK 160

145,36,206,104
MJ 170 DATA 145,36,24,144,203,
194,184,96
FOR J=828 TO 939
READ X:T=T+X
POKE J,X
NEXT J
PC 240 IF T<>10638 THEN STOP
GF 396 sYS 828
SB 319 FOR J=1 TO 26
MS 320 PRINT A%(J);
PP 330 NEXT J o

PH 202
EJ 219
BP 220
AE 230

The Gazette
po memaenaae, §
Manager

Harness the productivity
power of your 64 or 128!

Turn your Commodore into

a powerful workhorse, keep track
of finances, generate reports
in a snap, manage your
money in minutes—

all with the

Gazette Productivity
Manager! Look at all
your 64/128 Productivity
Manager disk contains.

GemCalc 64 & 128—

A complete, powerful, user-

friendly spreadsheet with all
the features you'd expect
in an expensive commercial package
(separate 64 and 128 versions are included).

Most commands can be performed with a single keypress!

YOUR GAZETTE
PRODUCTIVITY
MANAGER
TODAY!

Memo Card—Unleashes the power of a full-blown
database without the fuss! Nothing’s easier—it’s a
truly simple computerized address file. Just type in
your data on any one of the index cards. Need to edit?
Just use the standard Commodore editing keys.
Finished? Just save the data to floppy. What could be
easier?

(MasterCard and Visa accepted on orders with subtotal over $20).

OCYES! please send me Productivity Manager disk(s)

($14.95 each).

Subtotal

—___ Sales Tax (Residents of NC and NY please add appro-
priate sales tax for your area. Canadian orders, add
7% goods and services tax.)

———_ Shipping and Handling ($2.00 U.S. and Canada, $3.00
surface mail, $5.00 airmail per disk.)

Financial Planner—Answers all of those questions
concerning interest, investments, and money manage-
ment that financial analysts charge big bucks for! You
can plan for your children’s education and know
exactly how much it will cost and how much you need

to save every month to reach your goal. Or, decide
whether to buy or lease a new car. Use the compound
interest and savings function to arrive at accurate
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Send your order to Gazette Productivity Manager,
324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408.

Hackers have
discovered many
quirks in the

64—here are a few.

G-20

COMPUTE MAY 1993

PROGRAMMER'S PAGE

Randy Thompson

TRIVIAL PURSUITS

Believe it or not, the 64 is over
ten years old, the 128 a ma-
ture eight. That's almost a life-
time in computer years. Dur-
ing this tenure, hackers have
found many quirks in these ma-
chines. Here are a few.

READY or Not

In the old days, it was
thought that the OUT OF DA-
TA message that spuriously
appears when you're editing
a program was caused by
some bug in the computer's
operating system. Not so.

As many alert program-
mers might observe, this
message occurs when you
press Return while the cursor
is on the same line as the
READY prompt. Notice that
the word READY can be inter-
preted as the BASIC state-
ment READY, which is exact-
ly what the computer tries to
do: read information from a da-
ta statement. If your program
doesn't have any data state-
ments, the computer replies
with the cryptic but correct
OUT OF DATA ERROR. lf
your program does contain da-
ta, your computer reads the
value into Y and then re-
sponds with a more reasona-
ble sounding SYNTAX ER-
ROR, because the period (.)
that follows READY is not a val-
id BASIC command.

Another common typing mis-
take is to type the command
RUN on top of the READY
prompt. This produces the
word RUNDY, which your com-
puter rarely accepts. In most
cases, your computer com-
plains with an UNDEF'D
STATEMENT error because it
cannot interpret the charac-
ters DY as a valid line num-
ber. However, whenever the
BASIC interpreter is unable to
find a line number, it tries to
jump to line number 0. So by
starting all your programs
with line 0, you can enter RUN-

DY—or RUNIT, or RUNNY, or
even RUNAWAY—to start
your program. For the same
reason, you can enter GOTO
without a line number or even
GOTOJAIL or GOTOGO to
start a program from line O.

How Old Is Your 64?

If you own an early-model 64,
then you've probably encoun-
tered the infamous lockup
bug. To see if you're one of
these lucky people (| am!),
turn on your computer, move
the cursor down to the last
line, and hold down the
space bar until the cursor
passes the right edge of the
screen twice. Next, hold
down the Del key until the cur-
sor moves back to the far
right column. If you own a 64
with the lockup bug, the
words LOAD, ?SYNTAX ER-
ROR, READY, and RUN ap-
pear on the screen, and the
computer locks up. If you
have a program in memory, it
runs, The cursor continues to
flash, but the computer ig-
nores your keypresses, even
Run/Stop-Restore.

If you own a Datasette (re-
member them?), you can de-
feat the bug by simultaneous-
ly pressing the left Shift key
and 3, or X and 5, or V and 7,
and so on (every other key
from left to right on the top
and bottom rows). The
screen will display PRESS
PLAY ON TAPE. Press Play
on the Datasette and then
Run/Stop. Your computer will
return to normal. Disk drive
owners can avoid the bug if
the first line in the program in
memory is OPEN 15,8,15:IN-
PUT#15,S$:CLOSE 15,

Interestingly, the lockup
bug will occur only when
your cursor color is red, cyan,
blue, yellow, light red, dark
gray, light blue, or light gray.
Safe colors are black, white,
purple, green, orange,
brown, medium gray, and
light green.

Beyond the Call of Duty
Although the widest Commo-
dore screen is 80 characters,
the number used in a TAB()
function can be as large as
255. For example, on a 40-
column screen you can use
PRINT TAB(240) to move the
cursor down six lines. Any
number greater than 255 re-
sults in an ILLEGAL QUANTI-
TY error.

As with the TAB() function,
the ON X GOTO statement
can't handle numbers greater
than 255. This is contrary to
early Commodore documenta-
tion, which states that nega-
tive numbers and numbers
greater than 255 cause the
64 to fall through to the next
program line. Negative num-
bers and numbers greater
than 255 both produce /LLE-
GAL QUANTITY errors.

Keyboard Confusion
Plug a joystick into port 1,
turn on your computer, play
with the joystick, and watch
your computer screen fill with
seemingly random charac-
ters. This happens because
the joystick port shares the
same CIA chip and |/O lines
as the keyboard,
If you're short a joystick
and need to emulate one, try
these alternatives. For exam-
ple, just as pressing the joys-
tick's fire button produces a
space, hitting the space bar
makes a program think that
you've pressed the joystick's
fire button. To simulate joys-
tick up, press 1; joystick
down, press back arrow (©);
joystick left, press Ctrl; and
joystick right, press 2.

Send your programming tips
(or trivia) to Programmer's
Page, COMPUTE’s Gazette,
324 West Wendover Avenue,
Suite 200, Greensboro, North
Carolina 27408. We pay $25-
$50 for each tip that we pub-
lish in this column. o

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Circle Reader Service Number 260

SpeedScript Disk

A powerful word processing
package for Commodore 64
and 128 owners

A Great Deal for Commodore
Users!

* SpeedScript for the 64

° SpeedScript 128—80-column version
* Spelling checkers

* Mail merge

* Date-and-time stamp

* 80-column preview for the 64

¢ Turbo save and load

¢ Plus more than a dozen other SpeedScript
support utilities all on one disk (including
full documentation)

copies of COMPUT!
‘ SpeedScript Disk

I've enclosed $11.95 plus $2.00 postage and handling. (Outside
U.S. and Canada add $1.00 for surface mail or $3.00 for
| airmail.)

| ORDER NOW!
|

Amount
Sales Tax’

OL

Name

Address

State

Mail personal check or money order to

|

Ve

|

| Commodore SpeedScript Disk
| 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200
|

|

Greensboro, NC 27408

Residents of North Carolina and New York, add appropriate tx for your area, Canadian

orders, add 7, good and services tax

Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Program available only on 54-inch disks.

G-21

G-22

Try these disk
collections
for some great
GEOS finds.

COMPUTE MAY 1993

GEOS

Steve Vander Ark

MORE GREAT
GEOS GOODIES

Last month | talked about
some of the latest GEOS share-
ware/public domain programs
on QuantumLink, but Q-Link
isn't the only place to find
GEOS applications. You can
find some great programs in
other GEOS collections.

These are disks that con-
tain a number of GEOS files.
You'll find a wide variety of
goodies, from utilities and appli-
cations to clip art files and
fonts. Some of the programs
and fonts | use most often
came on a collection disk.
Here are some sources.

GEOS Powerpack
GEOS Powerpack, Power-
pack Il, and GEOS Compan-
ion are collections released
by RUN magazine. The disks
are still available, and they're
probably the best GEOS col-
lections ever released. You'll
want to get all three.
Powerpack includes such
gems as Write Hand Man, a
writing and pattern analyzer,
and PaintView II, a geoPaint
viewer which includes an op-
tion to save part of a geoPaint
file as a Doodle file. There's a
card file database as well as
Thumbnail, a utility that cre-
ates miniature versions of ge-
oPaint documents to be used
as clip art or printed by the
page full for reference copies
of your collection. There's al-
so a version of Breakout for
GEOS. The fonts, particularly
those by Susan Lamb, and
the scanned, high-quality clip
art images are spectacular.
Powerpack || contains the
updated version of geoTerm
for the 64 and 128, games,
and a simple word processor,
which imports and converts
text files in ASCII. An interest-
ing utility on the disk creates
a stand-alone documentation
file from a geoWrite docu-

ment. Unfortunately, all the
documentation for the pro-
grams is included in that
form on the disk itself, leaving
little space for clip art files
and fonts.

The GEOS Companion
disk boasts a music editor
and an animation program,
as well as a 1581 boot disk
creator and other excellent util-
ities, including a batch load-
er. There are more fonts, in-
cluding one of my personal
favorites, Smith Corona (regu-
lar and megafont versions),
and still more clip art files.
Thankfully, this disk has a sep-
arate manual instead of on-
disk documentation files.

As of this writing, these
disks are available from Tech
Media, Special Products,
P.O. Box 2151, Salisbury, Mar-
yland 21802. You can order
by calling (800) 824-5499.
The two Powerpack disks are
$19.97 each; GEOS Compan-
ion is $24.97. Add $3.95 ship-
ping and handling to each or-
der, not each disk.

Collette Utilities

Jim Collette is so well known
and admired for his GEOS pro-
gramming that Creative Micro
Designs figures that his
name on a disk is enough to
get folks to buy this collection
of his better utilities. This is
CMD's most recent GEOS re-
lease. Included are updated
versions of some of the finest
GEOS programs ever written:
geoWizard and the premier
font creator, Font Edit. Also in-
cluded are Mini-Desk, one of
the more useful desk accesso-
ries; a utility which automatical-
ly places the current photo
scrap into the first photo al-
bum on the disk; a set of Post-
Script utilities for laser print-
ing; and a DOS wedge. As
always, Jim's programs are us-
er-friendly and user-proof.
The $34.95 price is ridiculous-
ly inexpensive for these quali-
ty programs. You can order

the collection from Creative Mi-
cro Designs, P.O. Box 646,
East Longmeadow, Massachu-
setts 01028. To place an or-
der call (800) 638-3263.

GeoPowerTools
The folks who publish Lode-
star, the magazine on a disk
for the Commodore, offer a col-
lection of utilities by Scott
Resh, a talented GEOS pro-
grammer. PowerTools _ in-
cludes several photo albums
of excellent clip art and a num-
ber of fonts. For sheer num-
ber of files for your dollar, you
can't beat this disk of 21 utili-
ty programs and games.
You'll find BASIC 8-to-Amiga
format conversion programs,
directory and sector editors, a
program which prints the con-
tents of the Date Book that
your GEOS Calendar uses, a
nifty desk accessory that
turns any part of the visible
screen into a photo scrap, a
fast formatter, a SID music
player, and a utility that prints
multiple copies of a geoPaint
document. You can get this
collection from Softdisk, P.O.
Box 30008, Shreveport,
Louisiana 71130. Or order by
calling (800) 831-2694. The
price is $9.95 plus $4.50 ship-
ping and handling.

COMPUTE’s GEOS Collection
COMPUTE also has a collec-
tion of GEOS programs, select-
ed from the Gazette section
of COMPUTE magazine. In-
cluded on this disk are a cou-
ple of nifty games—! like
Skeet, myself—and utilities
such as a word counter for
geoWrite, a screen dumper,
and a help file creator. The
disk also includes a nice mul-
tidensity printer driver for Ep-
son-compatible printers. This
collection is available for
$13.95 (shipping and han-
dling included) from COM-
PUTE, 324 West Wendover Av-
enue, Suite 200, Greensboro,
North Carolina 27408. o

We live in an ocean of air,
Deprive us of it for a moment and we suffer.

People with chronic lung disease — asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis —
know this all too well.

Your support of the American Lung Association can help them stem the tide.

It’s a matter of life and breath?
AMERICAN
LUNG
, ASSOCIATION*

‘The Christmas Seal Peopie*

‘Space contributed by the publisher as public service

8BIT

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NEW PRODUCTS From Makers of RAMDRIVE

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GEOS 2.0 and
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¢ Magnitudes faster than any floppy or
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¢ 2MEG model has capacity of TEN 1541’s

e Includes GEOS application to select one of
up to five 1571's

* Reboots GEOS from BBG Ram quickly and quietly

e Supplied with wall mount power supply and
battery cable and holder

e Automatically detects power out and switches
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GEORAM 512

Reset button without data loss

Activity indicator light during access

Battery low voltage indicator

Wall-mounted power supply and battery holder
and cable supplied

GEOS compatible, allows reboot to GEOS
Automatic battery back-up, no switches to push
Battery powers unit only when AC power off

BBU supplies power to 17xx REU’s and GEORAM.
Commodore heavy power supply not required

FOR INFORMATION CALL $5hQ°°
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Circle Reader Service Number 153

TV-zapping cowboy

in your family

with a remote that

G-24

accesses
1500 channels.

COMPUTE MAY 1993

D'IVERSIONS

Fred D'Ignazio

WHEN TELEVISION
GOES DIGITAL

| opened the Wall Street Jour-
nal today, and a story jumped
out at me. It described how
TCl—Tele-Communications
Incorporated—may soon offer
500 TV channels to its 11 mil-
lion cable viewers. TCI is the
nation’s largest cable TV oper-
ator. It's now allying itself with
two other cross-industry heavy-
weights, AT & T and General
Instrument Corporation, to up-
grade its analog cable system
to a digital network. This new
network, according to the Jour-
nal, will “open the gates for a
vast sea of entertainment and
information options for cable
subscribers.”

The conversion to digital is
possible because of advanc-
es in video and sound com-
pression. Complex mathemat-
ical algorithms hard-wired into
special-purpose (digital signal
processor) computers in TV
programmers’ studios will
shrink a TV signal to one-tenth
of its normal size. This will al-
low cable to carry ten times to-
day's 50 or 60 channels. All
this is possible without con-
verting the standard coaxial ca-
ble to the more expensive fi-
ber optic cable. As fiber optic
cables replace coax, howev-
er, we'll see another threefold
jump in cable capacity.

Backyard satellite-dish own-
ers will see 30 to 50 new digi-
tal TV channels on their TV
sets by next summer. The rest
of us will come online some-
time in 1994. Once the system
is up and running, it's expect-
ed to carry 500 cable chan-
nels simultaneously. And if
your local cable uses fiber op-
tics, you might be seeing up
to 1500 channels!

Does this sound like over-
choice, or what? Can you imag-
ine the TV-zapping cowboy in
your family with a remote that
accesses 1500 channels? It

boggles the imagination! The
average zap lasts about 1.4
seconds, so just completing a
circuit around the cable race-
track would take a mind-numb-
ing 30 minutes. That's 30 min-
utes filled with random, nonse-
quential video and sound
bites, brought to you compli-
ments of your zippy zapper.
Most TV shows would be over
by then, so if your brain isn't re-
duced to sludge, you can
blast off into another button-
pushing blitzkrieg that will last
another half an hour.

Fortunately, the move to dig-
ital cable will result not only in
more channels but also in a fun-
damental redefinition of the
word TV. Fifteen hundred pas-
sive couch-potato channels of-
fering video pabulum may
sound like torture, but that’s on-
ly if your resident zapper forc-
es you to sit through an orgy
of channel-hopping.

A more sane way to ap-
proach this new deluge of pro-
grams is to think of TV in anew
way—not as disjointed pro-
grams, but as a multimedia li-
brary or bookstore. The key to
this way of thinking will be of-
fered to you at the time your
TV is hooked up. It'll be in the
form of a tiny black box that ac-
cording to one cable-industry
official “will be the most pow-
erful piece of electronics tech-
nology” in your home. This
box will feature the most ad-
vanced multimedia computer
chips and programs on the
market. The box won't look
like a computer, so no one will
panic. But it'll turn your TV into
a computer monitor and your
zapper into a tiny computer
keyboard.

The transformation of TV to
computer will happen just in
time. Instead of randomly hop-
ping through a confusing
flood of 1500 programs, you'll
have brightly colored comput-
er menus that will allow you to
pluck a single program out of
the vast sea of choices. The

menus will gently quide you
(much like a good librarian) in-
to narrowing your selections.
Do you want entertainment or
news? Do you want a first-run
sitcom or an oldie but goody?
Do you want nature, history,
mystery, or trash? The choice
is up to you.

Don't think of TV any more
as TV. Think of it as your own
private bookstore that houses
thousands of titles. (At 1500 ti-
tles an hour, your “bookstore”
will offer 6000 titles in a single
evening of browsing.) Your
bookstore isn’t a standard
print emporium but an electron-
ic multimedia bookstore with
books that spring to life when
you open them; books that
spill over with real people; and
books that talk to you, play mu-
sic, and captivate you with life-
like scenes of drama, sus-
pense, murder, and intrigue.
You can browse through all
these myriad titles by casually
pointing and clicking on menu
buttons that group the books
into topics such as fiction, non-
fiction, biography, current
events, animals, horror, and sci-
ence fiction.

And, remember, this is not
a commercial bookstore that
you are visiting. It is your book-
store, so you can pick up a
book, mark a page, set the
book down, and ramble off to
a different book or a whole
new aisle. Later on, you can
continue browsing where you
left off. Or you can click on
your VCR and make “photocop-
ies’ so you can review the
books at your leisure. Or, you
can place requests to the ca-
ble operators, and they will re-
program a channel and ship
you just the books that you
want to see again.

You'll get all this for only a
small fee—or maybe a large
fee. It'll be worth it. And it'll be
a blissful break from the mad
TV zapper who is prowling
around the TV room of almost
every American family. ia)

PROGRAMS

a ESE ES SSE I Eo oe PS

MAILING LIST

By Maurice Yanney

If you want to keep track of names, ad-
dresses, birthdays, and other informa-
tion, you'll find Mailing List a flexible and
useful program. You can easily store in-
formation for up to 500 people pertaining
to names, addresses, phone numbers, or
whatever else you desire.

Once the data is entered, it can be re-
trieved based on any of the fields. You
can also print labels in any desired order
by activating some or all of the fields.

Typing It In

Mailing List is written entirely in ma-
chine language, but it loads and runs
like a BASIC program. To type it in,
use MLX, our machine language entry
program. See "Typing Aids” elsewhere
in this section. When MLX prompts
you, respond with the following values.

Starting address: 0801
Ending address: 2238

Be sure to save a copy of the program
before exiting MLX.

Using Mailing List

When you begin Mailing List for the
first time or start from a new disk, the
program will create files to hold data
and information on which records are
available and which are occupied. So
use a disk that has plenty of room on
it. Once the files have been created,
the program will look for a setup file
and, if one exists, load it.

At the top of the screen are three
pull-down menus: System, Printer, and
Record. On the right side of the
screen are five other options called but-
tons, The main part of the screen dis-
plays the names of all the fields and
the information contained in those
fields for a particular record.

To select an item, move the arrow-
shaped cursor with a joystick, mouse,
or cursor keys. When the cursor is over
a particular item, it will be highlighted.
Press the fire button, mouse button, or
space bar to select an item.

To select one of the data fields, po-
sition the cursor over either the name
of the field or the text area for that
field. (Some fields are larger than oth-
ers and thus have a larger area from

which the field may be selected).

When one of the pull-down menus is
selected, a menu containing five en-
tries appears underneath. To choose
one of the options from the menu,
move the cursor to the desired option,
highlight it, and press either the button
or space bar. Moving the cursor out of
the menu area will remove the pull-
down menu.

Editing Data

To edit any of the fields, just move the
cursor over either the field label or the
text area and press the button or
space bar. Once the field is selected,
the arrow will disappear. The Home
key positions to the start of the field,
the Insert key will insert a character,
and the Delete key removes the char-
acter under the cursor. The cursor
keys can also move the cursor left and
right. While editing a field, the Run/
Stop key can be used to cancel the ed-
it. Run/Stop also restores the field to
the previous text in addition to exiting
the current edit.

Adding Data

You can enter data by moving to a
field, pressing the space bar or button,
typing the desired text, and pressing
Return. This approach is tedious and
suited only for editing a few fields of a
particular record. When adding sever-
al records, switch to the Add mode.

To enter Add mode, move the cur-
sor to the right of the screen and click
the Mode button. The mode will switch
from Edit to Add, and the First Name
field will now be selected. Proceed to
enter the data. To leave any field
blank, just press Return.

When you press Return on the last
field (Ind 2), the record is written to
disk, and the program advances to the
next available record position. Note
that the Rec # indicator is updated and
the First Name field is selected.

Continue this process until you no
longer wish to add records. To stop en-
tering data, press the Run/Stop key.
This will switch the mode back to Edit
and return the arrow cursor. If any of
the fields have data when the Run/
Stop key is pressed, the data will not
be stored unless the Write button is se-
lected. When all 500 record positions
are filled, you'll get a message telling

you that no space is available.

While in Add mode, data in the
fields remains preserved. If you notice
a mistake after you've moved to a new
field, press the Run/Stop key, which
sets the mode to Edit and returns the
cursor to the first field. Make the chang-
es, set the mode back to Add, and con-
tinue entering data.

System Options

To change screen and cursor colors,
use the System pull-down menu at the
top of the screen. Highlight the desired
option and then press either the
space bar or fire button, Moving the cur-
sor outside the menu box will remove
the pull-down menu.

Once one of these options has
been selected, the bottom portion of
the screen will display an arrow point-
ing to the current value. Move the cur-
sor left or right and press either the but-
ton or space bar to select the setting.

Printer Options

The options in the Printer menu are
selected in the same fashion as those
of the System. The printer options let
you customize your printed labels. You
can save the setup, load the setup, re-
set the default values, set the printer for-
mat, and print records.

The first three options are used to
save, get, and reset the format that the
labels are printed in as well as to
save, get, and reset the system op-
tions. When the Save Setup option is se-
lected, the current settings for the print-
er, screen colors, and cursor speed
are stored in a file. If the file exists, it
will be overridden. Load Setup will re-
trieve prior saved settings. Setting the
default will reset the values to what
they were the first time the program
was run.

When the option to set the printer is
selected, a new screen appears. Use
this screen to set the printer device
number, the printer secondary ad-
dress, and the label format. To select
a particular item, move the cursor to
the desired item and then press the
space bar or fire button.

Once an item has been selected,
the cursor will change to either a mi-
nus, a vertical bar, or a plus. The new
cursor signifies the direction the cursor
keys, joystick, or mouse can be

MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-25

PROGRAMS

TSE RAS LES EE PS MTD a POE EE ND POE ERE DR

moved to change the selected item.
When the item is a number (such as
the printer device number), moving up
increases the value by one; moving
down increases the value by ten.

If the item is one of the label fields,
then the cursor will be either a minus or
a plus. Moving left or right will go
through the various fields, which are ab-
breviated by three characters: First
Name (FST), Middle Name (MID), Last
Name (LST); Address Line 1 (LN1), Ad-
dress Line 2 (LN2), City (CTY), State
(STA), Zip Code (ZIP), Phone Number
(PHN), Other Information 1 (OT1), Oth-
er Information 2 (OT2), Indicator 1
(IN1), and Indicator 2 (IN2).

There is also a Numbers option for
sending special ASCII codes and a se-
ries of spaces to separate items. (This
does not result in any output to the print-
er. It is used to help improve screen
readability.) This option is a number be-
tween O and 255. Moving the cursor
left or right will change the selection.
Moving it up will change the value by
1, and down will change the number
by 10. (A value of 65, for example,
would send a lowercase a to the print-
er.) Some special numbers to keep in
mind are 10 (linefeed), 13 (carriage re-
turn), 27 (escape), 32 (space), and 44
(comma).

Once the desired option appears,
press the fire button or space bar to se-
lect the item. When you've finished mak-
ing changes to the printer, move the
cursor to the Done option.

Mailing List is designed to be flexi-
ble. This means that carriage returns at
the end of each line and spaces be-
tween the fields need to be explicitly
specified. This is the default setting.
Most labels require six lines. So if you
will be printing many labels, make
sure that there are exactly six carriage
returns per label, or else they may not
print properly. Care must be taken in
setting the fields so as not to exceed
the label width, since the program
does not restrict the line width.

When the option to print the records
is selected from the Printer menu, the
bottom of the screen will display two
choices. You can either print the cur-
rent record or multiple records by se-
lecting the Based-On-Get option. This
second option works in one of two
ways, depending on the Get mode. If

G-26 COMPUTE MAY 1993

the Get mode is Seq (sequential),
then all the records starting with the cur-
rent record will be printed. If the mode
is Patt (pattern), then all records match-
ing the selected Get pattern will be print-
ed. The printing can be stopped by
pressing the Run/Stop key, letting you
abort or continue printing.

Customizing the Setup

Once the printer and screen settings
are to your liking, save the setup under
the Printer menu. The next time Mailing
List is started, the setup file will be load-
ed, and your favorite colors, cursor
speed, and label format will automati-
cally be set.

Record Options

The Record options at the top of the
screen are used to go to the next and
prior records, set the Get condition,
count the number of records, or delete
the current record.

The Next and Previous Record op-
tion will obtain the next or the prior re-
cord. If the Get mode is set to sequen-
tial, then the next occupied record or
the prior occupied record is retrieved.
If the Get mode is set to retrieve
based on the pattern, then the next re-
cord meeting the Get option or the pre-
vious record meeting the requirements
of the Get option is retrieved.

To set the Get condition, a new
screen is displayed. The screen con-
tains three items which can be modi-
fied: Get Option, Get Operation, and
Get String. Cursor to the desired option
and press either the space bar or the
button.

When Get Option is selected, the cur-
sor changes to a minus. Moving left or
right changes the current field. Any of
the data fields can be used in adjust-
ing how records are retrieved. Once
the desired field has been reached,
press the button or the space bar to
make the selection.

The Get Operation has three alterna-
tives: less, equal, and greater. To
change the condition, move the cursor
beneath the field, press the space bar
or button, and then move left or right to
the desired operator. Once again,
press the space bar or button to make
the selection.

The Get String is the string that the
Get Option field is compared to. This

option is selected by moving under-
neath the field and pressing the
space bar or button. Once it is select-
ed, enter the string and press Return
when finished.

Move the cursor to Done and press
the space bar or button to return to the
main screen, The Get Option, Get Op-
eration, and Get String will be dis-
played at the top of the screen.

The Get mode is useful when look-
ing for records meeting a specific con-
dition or for printing records matching
a particular requirement. Note that al-
though the Get condition may be set,
the mode must be set to pattern (via
the Get button) to take affect. If the
mode is sequential, then retrieval of the
records will be sequential regardless of
how the Get condition is set.

If, for example, you want to print out
all the names of people in the state of
North Carolina, set the Get Option to
STA, set the Get Operator to equal (=)
and make the Get String NC. Set the
Get mode to pattern, go to the Printer
menu and select the Print Records en-
try, and then print on the Based-On-
Get option.

Other uses of Get involve using the
Indicator 1 and Indicator 2 fields.
They can be used to keep track of peo-
ple on certain lists such as Christmas
card lists. Each Christmas just print out
the records where IND1 = Y, or howev-
er you want to set it.

The Count Records option displays
the number of records stored. To de-
lete a record, first go to the proper re-
cord number and then select the De-
lete Record option. The record will still
be displayed on the screen as a safe-
guard, but it will be marked as re-
moved on the disk. If you change your
mind after deleting the record, press
the Write button while the information is
still onscreen.

Buttons

The buttons are options that appear on
the right side of the screen. A button is
selected by moving the cursor to the
item and pressing the space bar or
fire button.

There are buttons to select a specif-
ic record number, set mode to Add or
Edit, set the Get retrieval to sequential
or pattern, Write a record, and Clear da-
ta from the screen.

Once the Record Number is select-
ed, you must then input a number be-
tween 1 and 500. If the selected re-
cord number has data, that data will
be retrieved and displayed. If no re-
cord exists, the record number is updat-
ed, and the data fields are cleared on
the screen.

The Mode button toggles between
Add and Edit. Its use is discussed in
adding and editing records.

The Get button toggles the retrieval
method to either sequential or pattern
mode. Sequential mode is used when
records will be retrieved sequentially
while pattern mode indicates that retriev-
al will be based on the settings of the
Get condition.

The Write button writes the contents
currently displayed on the screen to
the current record number. If, for exam-
ple, you want to update the phone num-
ber of a friend, first select the proper re-
cord number, make the change, and
then press the Write button. If the
Write button is not pressed, any chang-
es will be aborted.

The Clear button clears all the data
displayed on the screen for a particu-
lar record. The data is not erased from
the record on disk.

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PROGRAMS

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G£49:94 @5 22 86 B9 GD 71 89 GC | 1679:AE G7 2B 57 2F 96 F4 FO 24 | 12A9:81 1C DA AD 7D 2D CD SC 64
GE51:63 G1 20 36 F8 BC E6 AY 36 | 1G81:F2 66 C2 4A C4 71 4F 88 3B | 12B1:2B 6G 27 11 17 15 56 CC DB
GE59:9E 5C 47 86 43 4C GB GF 9D | 1689:83 6@ BO GG 85 CC AE 41 7F | 12B9:62 GF 35 1F 9D G1 3C 53 F7
GB61:AD 26 C9 9E G2 3D 18 88 BE | 1091:2B AC 74 89 83 60 8A FB B7 | 12C1:37 54 66 98 G5 6B 8C 5A F4
GE69:04 A4 49 GG 4c 4A GF 40 C3 | 1099:C9 8G 90 68 32 1B 91 FB 74 | 12C9:81 2C 18 FG AG 36 Al GO EC
G6E71:B5 63 BG G3 B5 CG 18 82 D2|1GA1:BO 48 G8 18 74 58 DO 1A 4F | 12D1:A2 32 76 66 59 8G GC DB 9D
GE79:G1 @8 Cl 8C DF 28 41 7E B9| 1GA9:A5 98 FG 16 29 46 C9 4G SE | 12D9:67 AS GS AB 56 28 6C 58 FB
@E81:8E C3 GE D4 EG GG 88 86 83 | 16B1l:FG@ 16 AG 1C BY GBA 29 54 CH | 12E1:05 4E 18 85 38 A4 G5 18 ED
GE89:39 DC 77 GF 69 G6 8D CH 95 | 16B9:F5 98 C2 11 AG 4C 18 45 BE | 12£9:B9 BO 31 E3 CF 46 65 FO GE
G@E91:1C 46 3D 98 17 AO OD 39 AF | 16C1:OF Fl 90 5C 50 G2 30 AD 49 | 12F1:DC DE 4D C6 C6 CA 8E 6C 3D
GE99:B8 C5 99 AE D4 G2 EE G6 34 | 16C9:98 76 60 GA GE 18 26 G2 D5 | 12F9:80 58 15 68 OB C7 AD 52 6A
GEA1:7B 26 GE 58 1B 26 34 GD 99 | 16D1:86 CG 26 FG G4 C8 4C C6 9B | 13G1:C9 23 FO CG G2 22 G6 88 2C
GEA9:F@ 16 B6 78 Al 36 GB 8F AD | 1¢D9:12 83 F@ CE G3 71 AD BS EG | 1369:B9 GG 61 19 CO 4C FD 92 SF
GEB1:DA 63 4C 16 7C 4B 1F 22 58/ 16E1:40 19 26 Bl 36 D@ BC 67 FB | 1311:0D 60 A4 G9 34 84 G1 AD SE
GEB9:94 Al 34 8E 8F GA 4C C9 FE | 16£9:91 32 93 6G G1 4C GF 13 42 | 1319:46 GA CB G6 4C 86 G2 EG BE
GEC1:GE FO 13 94 FF 65 69 BD BG | 16F1:AD 51 AB 15 BA C6 GB 35 57 | 1321:6C 16 24 40 3E 24 64 84 2B
GEC9:94 2E E3 8@ 4C D8 GF BD El | 1GF9:DG 12 AD 52 2D C9 36 D® AZ | 1329:96 AD 13 5A 42 66 C3 18 F7
GED1:29 5C 3C 66 36 29 A4 39 DB| 1101:6B C7 59 62 G4 C3 4C 38 ES | 1331:26 G8 68 CO SE 3E 9E 85 30
GED9:G1 2D G5 36 1D AE BE 5B El/1109:96 6A 85 C7 8D 17 G3 8A 97 |1339:15 4C CF D8 96 E2 BG 59 7F
GEE1:CA G4 48 D@ CC BC 94 22 1F/1111:65 E8 63 83 1E AG D7 43 EE | 1341:DD 90 85 E2 6B G3 47 AD FC
GEE9:9C 96 C2 DF 20 A3 GB FO 65/1119:89 DG AO 51 AG 8B 83 76 2F | 1349:4C 74 16 AD AB 4G 77 G9 65,
QEF1:17 Cl C6 49 C9 FF 28 2A 46/|1121:86 86 42 86 96 71 1C 68 66 | 1351:3c G1 7C AB E2 F8 CD 96 77
GEF9:G6 21 CD 22 1C 84 G6 CD F9 | 1129:90 63 2C 3C 36 21 D7 89 D3 | 1359:8F DG G4 AD GE DG G3 38 88
GFG1:CD 8D D@ AS G6 ED O7 AD 81/ 1131:AA 53 91 GF 53 AB D1 58 D9 | 1361:E9 Gl 8A F3 15 57 EG G6 1B
GFO9:BA 36 FO 27 D8 86 G7 G6 16 | 1139:54 CC F8 58 21 BD 98 29 B7 | 1369:5A 62 Dg 15 1D 46 AD 3c 42
GF11:D6 1F AD BB GA 16 6G 87 G1/1141:66 AE 79 2D AG G2 GB DB 16 | 1371:18 85 3C 83 38 18 E2 AO 36
GF19:82 BC El 3F 2B 36 86 06 05|1149:20 6A 1B GA A2 26 AG 29 32 | 1379:0G FG DE BO 63 87 11 B6 22
@F21:A@ CA BO 72 2F 76 68 206 £4] 1151:4C 6C 13 8D 5A BC G3 E4 AG 1381:22 56 1E 88 2D 4¢C 18 17 7¢
OF29:F5 4F 5D 46 3B 04 AD BD 29/ 1159:05 84 4F 56 E3 CF CG 62 50 | 1389:38 1B GB 90 B2 ES 80 04 3B
OF31:36 8F 75 86 El 5E 10 C5 76/| 1161:29 C8 E8 85 16 65 C5 G5 E4 | 1391:26 G4 1c 4C 4F 18 AD 5C AG
GF39:3A CO C8 GE C7 8D C2 38 C8 | 1169:58 33 77 76 66 EG A4 68 E2 | 1399:06 BG Bl 61 G3 CB GG 62 E4
GF41:68 4A 26 33 22 ED 3D 65 06/1171:6C 16 3D 6C 25 59 21 G5 12 | 13A1:34 Al 21 4C 56 SF Bl 19 D6
GF49:2B F8 3C Cl 4C Fl 3D 96 14| 1179:2B 84 F5 99 32 16 G4 1B 9F | 13A9:AD 64 19 86 GA AA BE A7 AA
GF51:F1l AG Al DA FO F8 1E D8 F2/ 1181:F5 17 1E 23 G2 BC 2G GG DA | 13B1:7D 28 A6 GA 4C EE 16 D8 39
GF59:4C BB 1G 47 35 E2 11 2A 84| 1189:66 21 86 7B 2D 20 AE 84 8A | 1339:91 GA 9D 93 31 4C 98 16 1A
GF61:21 14 15 87 GE 14 4E C6 54| 1191:86 93 E2 GF 46 E@ AD 7A 81 | 13C1l:GC FE 19 86 43 DB 41 14 F8
OF69:83 80 91 OB G2 GE 10 DE 93] 1199:2D D@ 47 AB 7D 88 47 D9 AG | 13C9:E8 16 AA CD OG G7 AE DC 72
GF71:08 42 Al 93 20 61 53 1C D1|11A1:86 CF 81 78 C9 C8 9E 4C AD | 13D1:31 E8 4C G4 17 26 E2 BA 9D
GF79:68 FS 16 78 29 OE G8 42 A6| 11A9:18 14 GF A4 4C DD 14 A3 AE | 13D9:69 Gl 4C 12 17 AG C4 D7 3C
GF81:56 1C C8 D5 A3 38 94 CD 32! 11B1:AB F@ CG GD 69 CE 10 G4 79 | 13E1:11 G6 9A 88 D3 1C 84 @7 OD

G-28 COMPUTE’ MAY 1993

13E93A6
13F1:EC
13F9:66
1491:4D
1409:E7
1411:64
1419:1¢
1421:31
1429:E4
1431:B6
1439:E1
1441:A9
1449:2c
1451:B4
1459:8B
1461:85
1469:44
1471:D3
1479:96
1481:FF
1489:AL
1491:B9
1499:4F
14A1:51
1449363
14B1:0C
14B9:76
14C1:B6
14C9:2B
14D1:23
14D9:17
14E1:AE
14E9:9A
14F1:E0
14F9:A6
1561:66
1569:C8
1511:cl
1519:C8
1521:0D
1529:A9
1531:61
1539326
1541:36
1549:5B
1551:E1
1559:1D
1561:AG
1569:99
1571:56
1579:ED
1581:E0
1589:1D
1591:8E
1599:96
15A1:FO
15A9:8D
15B1:B8
15B9:GD
15C1:18
15C9:E8
15D1:9A
15D9:61
15E1:8D
1L5E9:A9
15F1:20
15F9:BO
1661:88
1689:4C
1611:D6

1619:A2 30 8D 7B 85 4C OB
1621:C4 97 GG 44 AO A3 G9
1629:G0E 36 85 FE A@ 13 BY
1631:02 58 14 99 C8 65 76
1639:85 F2 A@ OB A2 16 AD
1641:26 5B 11 3C 2E 63 BY
1649:A@ C2 GB 84 2A Al 4E
1651:95 37 87 5C A9 9E G5
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1661:7A FC GG 44 D3 1A 69
1669:14 91 G1 47 86 11 49
1671:3F E4 38 80 21 68 G8
1679:81 DC AA 37 38 38 CO
1681:02 38 GE E4 1A 28 C2
1689:83 4C 98 87 91 C9 OF
1691:B6 E9 50 88 83 C3 G6
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16A1:4C 82 1A AG GC A2 18
16A9:BF 63 AQ 26 D4 CD 81
16B1:3E 18 29 606 26 2F 25
16B9:39 17 C@ Dl 6B 7B CO
16C1:84 C9 26 FG 53 C9 36
16C9:57 C9 3A BB 53 CO OG
16D1:38 76 7A 64 62 83 G2
16D9:6A C8 G6 51 16 C7 45
16E1:062 SC 68 D9 11 G3 2B
16E9:DF 5C 82 28 GE 19 67
16F1:89 B9 56 2B 38 E9 30
16F9:18 8A 6D 30 2E G0 1A
1781:6B C8 C@ 63 D@ Al DF
1769:64 @@ 8E 46 9E A4 99
1711:62 88 D@ FA A2 68 BD
1719:25 99 DD 62 38 47 68
1721:E6 74 F2 A9 GB 8D FB
1729:B3 FB 41 A9 87 2B 88
1731:EC 16 68 46 66 1B DO
1739:2F 8D BB AQ 23 40 4F
1741:71 AG BF 43 46 47 85
1749:4F 3A 8G E8 98 AC E7
1751:65 8@ 1C 32 2B C@ 21
1759:E7 C@ 15 FO B7 88 8C
1761:35 6G D4 88 El 35 26
1769:26 62 E2 66 C4 G1 8D
1771:D@ 98 8D 10 DG BD FO
1779:60 18 6D 08 A7 G7 DB
1781:1A 69 76 3C C4 @1 55
1789:65 1C 12 @C 98 3E G2
1791:64 CO 66 Gl 66 69 G2
1799:36 1E AA Gl E6 1B 4C
17A1:12 96 G2 CO 46 CB 34
17A9:04 64 E6 GG D7 Cl 20
17B1:1B 81 D@ 63 26 BY 1B
17B9:12 85 C7 20 54 28 AY
17C1:15 1E 7B 20 DA G6 58
17C9:50 88 86 E8 66 99 B6
17D1:99 @D 12 35 16 97 5D
17D9:C8 CO GE DG F2 EG 2E
17E1:BA 99 F7 64 99 BF G5
17E9:0F 8A GB AF G6 99 FF
17F1:98 18 69 28 A8 18 17
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1891:88 98 67 21 Al 67 21
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1899:61
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1991:B3
1969:75
1911:D4
1919:22
1921:CE
1929:C4
1931:3C
1939:68
1941:82
1949:A9
1951:E1
1959:41
1961:1B
1969:39
1971:F4

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1981:1B
1989:5F
1991:42
1999:17
19A1:56
19A9:5F
19B1:35
19B9:4C
19C1:1C
19C9:76
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19E1:61
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MAY 1993 COMPUTE

PROGRAMS

1A79:19 8E 39 13 C@ 91 8E GA AQ9|1CA9:71 8D G7 F5 12 CB FB G5 CB
1A81:A9 85 69 28 D@ 26 AC 23 13 | 1cB1:09 48 A3 90 84 14 1c 26 C6
1A89:AD 2C 26 7C 1A 8D 92 31 c8|1CB9:F5 1B FD ED 93 GC 4E C9 85
1A91:8D 27 DG 26 C3 40 3E GG GE| 1CC1:FF 16 64 GB 60 8D 55 20 82
1A99:AF G1 E2 23 23 A8 EG B9 AB | 1CC9:33 46 FB 19 16 17 AG GC 17
1AA1:16 9F 82 B9 43 76 GA GE C7 | 1CD1:66 11 67 46 98 8E 46 16 62
1AA9:B9 11 99 11 GE F8 A8 B9 A2| 1CD9:DG F4 9E 16 9E 1C GG G3 55
1AB1:7E 2D CF A3 B9 46 2E DB C3 | 1CE1:80 26 DE 23 DB A9 AG 91 CB
1AB9:B9 GE A8 GA GG B9 D6 2F C7 | 1CE9:FB AD 91 31 91 FD C8 CG A7
1AC1:C3 2A E6 E3 60 AG C7 14 AG | 1CF1:78 DG F2 68 18 AS FC 69 B9
1AC9:99 54 G4 99 18 53 G1 EG £9 | 1CF9:D4 D@ 8E AS FB 85 FD 80 6F | 1F29:30 97 33 6F 34 97 37 B4 35
1AD1:05 99 A8 G6 88 8E G7 5F 5G | 1DG1:ED BG 94 1B E3 G1 BO FG 97 | 1F31:30 E2 65 G5 44 G6 46 G4 EF
1AD9:08 81 GA DG 8G G1 G8 Gl D5 |1DG9:G8 91 GB DG Cl 91 91 5D 8D | 1F39:07 44 G8 65 86 1C 4 5 57
1AE1:86 1B 16 F2 Gl GC 8A EG 7c | 1D11:70 6C 58 GG 47 85 EB 4F 1A | 1F41:46 64 G6 44 87 40 64 G8 EE
1AE9:41 AA AG @@ 8E CF 16 8C E9 | 1D19:44 G6 45 EC G3 65 GA 22 52 | 1F49:10 GA 64 50 35 40 G4 G6 CE
1AF1:84 BD 41 24 AE 7C 2D E8 EC | 1D21:G9 19 A4 AG 96 26 7D 12 D6 | 1F51:44 G7 40 G4 G8 1B GA CD 4A
1AF9:AC 7D 2D C8 C@ G5 DG £8 BA | 1D29:AE 39 CA 8E 4G 2B 86 21 Ic | 1F59:D@ 48 40 FG G9 3G SA 86 67
1B@1:68 AD 31 36 BA 45 AD 9E 41 | 1D31:G8 C2 GO 90 83 GU 42 GA D3 | 1F61:00 CE 41 4D G1 21 C6 49 B3
1B69:36 GA A8 C8 B6 BE 93 31 84 | 1D39:Al 22 C2 44 42 E6 C7 C9 768
1B11:A6 Gl 17 CF G2 AD 35 29 15 | 1D41:88 A2 C7 22 52 D4 37 G8 DF
1B19:8E AG 66 2B 12 EG BB EG £9 | 1D49:49 84 SA 43 40 G8 AD BS F6
1B21:GA B@ 63 94 60 AE 8D 62 GD |1D51:EC 26 A9 BD AG 28 26 1E IF
1B29:2E BF 62 9A 84 38 DG 3c 33 | 1D59:AB GE 2E 3D 23 26 BE 24 61
1B31:C9 67 D@ G6 EG 1D EE 3A 1C | 1D61:AF D8 15 D@ 55 59 B7 48 21
1B39:D6 3E 61 4F GF C9 GF DG 17 | 1D69:1E 89 41 C9 11 BG 17 AD G1
1841:0F B9 62 24 A2 94 GF AA 2c | 1D71:CB @0 DE AA 26 80 1D AD 93
1B49:A9 81 C9 1E 8A AA 29 G1 22 | 1D79:G@1 2B 8D 3A 2B A5 C5 C9 99
1B51:FG6 1B A@ 89 G2 FG 1c BC G4 | 1D81:61 FO FA 4D EF 26 A9 1D 1D
1859:08 FG GB 8A 29 G4 DG 1E F2 | 1D89:20 99 23 AF E9 7F 8D GD OF
1B61:46 78 41 C6 27 14 G2 E4 DC | 1D91:DC AQ FF 8D GO DC 88 87 89
1B69:14 63 EC 68 FF CB G4 87 4D | 1D99:C4 14 13 12 8D CF 28 B7 62
1B71:FG G8 20 49 GA 38 24 60 34 | 1DA1:22 83 65 Bl FD 11 88 91 5C
1B79:11 3C 48 G6 GA 78 98 GG A3 | 1DA9:FB C8 CC G2 2B DO F3 28 7A
1B81:03 4C A2 21 76 FA @9 G4 38 | 1DB1:F1 85 GF 78 16 2E GA 7C AQ
1B89:AE DB 31 AC DC 31 26 BA A5 | 1DB9:16 EA 84 FD A9 1E AG 5D 8E
1B91:FF FO B8 61 86 BD 41 C@ 6F | 1DC1:D1l 24 AG 85 16 9C 85 GB 93
1B99:10 04 30 G4 39 61 CC FF 86 |1DC9:11 9F 85 85 FE A9 25 86 EC
1BA1:606 AA BC 2C 2A BD 39 2A Fl | 1DD1:FD A2 @8 20 5B 11 3A 39 83
1BA9:AA 26 E7 88 G3 A4 96 DG EG | 1DD9:20 AG GB 99 C4 30 CB CO IF | 2909:45 58 9E C6 86 G9 34 56 59
1BB1:05 88 CA D@ F5 C8 EE 11 B4 | 1DE1:CA DG F8 G3 72 12 AG 8D AF | 2911:49 C7 46 24 86 20 89 GB BA
1BB9:2E AD 26 G7 38 ED 64 A8 Dl | 1DE9:13 13 14 95 8D 15 @5 DB EG
1BC1:8C 4@ 12 DG GA 26 AC 14 DB | 1DF1:GC AG A2 G6 AG 23 CB 41 63
1BC9:B9 C4 36 26 DA 18 20 D2 6G | 1DF9:GA ES 72 AE 69 22 28 CD CD
AC 41 2B 66 G4 C8 3G 13 | 1E@1:BD CC 85 C7 87 78 8A A6 56 | 2631:B9 BC 16 57 25 D3 43 SE 26
61 32 C9 26 45 14 C9 FC | 1EG9:F4 9C AG 7B 2D DG G4 2G 48 | 2039:AC EG GD 41 2F 1E AG 45 36
BG Gl 71 1B 66 C8 41 EG | 1£11:66 ED 61 26 7D 13 G3 CA 27 | 2041:45 44 26 91 41 57 22 63 Cl
1E19:18 69 B2 C9 46 69 68 52 79
6 38 E9 86 4C 80 46 82 | 1B21:32 5C AG FG GB C9 G2 BO E4
AD 6C @8 GA 18 6D 8E 9F | 1E£29:GA 84 4B C9 F5 BG G3 CA D4
69 CF AA C8 D@ FD E8 3F | 1E31:69 10 28 1A Gl 84 AG AS Al
@B 6G 98 93 61 G4 G3 11 | 1E39:GF 26 C3 FF 26 98 12 60 65
1C11:£6 G6 FG 11 81 4D 1B CA 2B | 1E41:A9 G@ 8D E5 GE A9 Gl 8D G9
1€19:4C BE 22 9B 18 FB F5 78 6A | 1649:36 60 AD 5B 68 G5 7C 2D 61
1C21:A9 20 13 45 F3 3C 14 EB 91 | 1E51:AD 5C 2B 8D 7D.2D 66 GE 29
1029:39 75 62 23 20 31 23 Bl 8B | 1£59:48 93 96 FC F8 F8 FC DE D2
1C31:FD C@ Dl Gl CG GA DG F7 AA | 1E61:8F D8 B5 18 2G 2F 23 44 1c
1039:28 1¢ 23 DO EF 66 8C 24 35 | 169:20 5F 23 76 26 87 23 G8 66
1C41:8F 81 35 96 87 9E 2B A6 @5 | 1E71:2C SF 2F 98 36 4B 33 G8 1F
1C49:A7 60 FB 69 28 BG 14 38 E7 | 1E79:34 SF 37 08 40 9B 43 G8 GE
1C51:2E 18 FC 64 FD 69 GA D8 69 | 1F81:44 9B 47 B68 48 5F 4B G8 BE
1059:48 AS FE 69 G6 5@ G4 C8 A7 | 1E89:4C 5F 4F 68 50 4B 53 G5 89
1C61:E8 EG G9 60 8E DB 6E AC DA | 1E91:58 73 5B 85 5C 73 SF 85 G7
1C69:El 04 C8 69 A9 D3 85 FB 56 | 1E99:66 73 63 G5 64 27 67 G5 33
1C71:A9 25 85 FC A9 27 C9 3F 65 | 1EA1:68 27 6B 7B 48 8F 4B 7B 93 | 29p1:50 AG 81 45 AS 98 2F CO BE
1C79:A9 26 E9 6G 52 B6 BG 3C FC | 1EA9:2C 9B 2F 7B 34 9F 37 7B 8A | 29D9:3B 88 D2 45 41 44 59 OG 56
1C81:F@ FA AD @@ AC 41 F3 GE 67 | 1EB1:3C 9B 3F 7B 50 8F 53 03 FC | 2661:Bl 7E 41 56 15 4C 2C 4G 9A
1C89:DC 29 16 F@ EC 93 7A GG 36 | 1EB9:54 Fl 34 93 10 07 63 1B 90 | 2969:9B 3c C6 94 9G CD C9 C4 3D
1091:38 58 GG 04 4B 41 13 A9 7F | 1EC1:66 6 CO GB G7 24 G8 42 66 | 2GF1:47 50 48 GG 41 46 47 CC 71
1099:1D A2 64 20 C8 1B CA DG A4 | 1EC9:10 OB 44 GC G1 25 GD GO DG | 20F9:73 92 C3 D4 DO 47 D3 D4 CG
1CA1:FA A9 @5 8D 3E 2B 2@ FA 15| 1ED1:05 GE G1 16 GF G1 11 11 45 | 2191:cl 60 G4 DA C9 DG 46 DG 59

G-30 COMPUTE MAY 1993

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2169:C8 CE 66 94 19 69 CF D4 ll
2111:55 42 41 31 20 64 C9 CE 3D
2119332 3E 3C 23 23 23 3E C4 A4
2121:93 26 26 20 12 DO 94 G4 F3
2129348 6C CF C4 45 56 49 78 7B
2131:CE 15 69 96 39 BG E7 78 16
2139:43 95 65 44 41 52 59 DC 56
2141:44 44 52 B2 4C D8 67 73 73
2149:66 19 G1 68 32 G2 9A 81 CB
2151:63 26 E4 C2 65 A7 2C 46 C6
2159:06 G6 A4 28 OD 26 G7 GG AD
2161:13 8A 83 3A 16 32 3C C8 9E
2169:66 26 23 6G 62 BE C4 B3 CD
2171:4F 79 5@ 41 43 45 26 Cl 69
2179:56 41 12 CE 41 42 43 39 39
2181:80 3A 4D 4C 2E 53 AG 36 37
2189:086 53 2C 57 OG GE 18 27 2B
2191:45 63 72 81 8B 9F B3 C7 BF
2199:C8 C9 D6 GB OF 1E 1E OF 7A
21A1:G0F GA 14 14 14 61 61 12 6A
21A9:C9 4E 49 AG C7 41 4C 49 BC
21B1:5A E@ 54 C6 49 4C 45 53 AQ
21B9:EE 13 04 6D 58 55 56 DG 19
21C1:42 3C C4 5C 56 AG G5 1l £2
2109319 1B 14 21 CF 5@ SE 26 51
21D1:41 @2 4F 4E 46 11 @D OD Al
21D9:12 1D 1D 1D C7 45 54 26 FD
21E1:D3 54 52 CC 9D 2D 72 2A EA
21E9:CE 55 4D 42 45 52 78 46 61
21F1:46 82 EA 26 3D 28 9B C8 Cl
21F9:18 D4 C9 CE D5 C5 3E AG 82
2201:3C Cl C2 CF D2 51 9E 91 D3
2269:3C C3 D5 D2 D2 C5 CE Cl 51
2211:1D 26 3C C2 Cl D3 C5 C4 4D
2219:26 CF CE 26 C7 C5 D4 3E 7A
2221:06 12 D3 AC 27 54 49 4E 9A
2229:47 26 D2 45 43 4F 52 44 48
2231:53 G6 36 8G BG BB GB GB 25

Maurice Yanney, the author of Balloon
Pop (August 1992) and Cats and Mice
(January 1993), lives in Lebanon, Penn-
sylvania.

UTILITY PLUS

By Eric Jevon Bryant

Utility Plus is a group of three useful util-
ity programs for the 64 written in ma-
chine language to take advantage of
the language's power and speed. The
first utility, Word Wrapper, wraps text
around the screen when words become
cut off by the screen border. Integer Ar-
ray Search lets you quickly search
through an array of integers for a spe-
cific value, and String Array Search
searches through an array of strings for
a specific string of characters.

The utilities in the Utility Plus package
can be used separately or together.
They were programmed independent-
ly. Also, they reside at 52376-53247,
which is near the top of free RAM, so
it may be possible to run other machine

language programs with these in
place. If you use all three programs,
this leaves you with 3227 bytes of free
RAM, a little more than 3K.

Originally, Utility Plus was written to
complement a text adventure | had writ-
ten. The majority of the program was in
BASIC, and the utilities were created to
speed up the parsing of commands
and outputting text to the screen. Utility
Plus's usefulness, however, is not restrict-
ed to text adventures. You may use the
package in just about anything from da-
tabases to your own word processor.

Entering Utility Plus

Utility Plus is written entirely in machine
language. To enter it, use MLX, our ma-
chine language entry program; see

. Typing Aids” elsewhere in this sec-

tion. When MLX prompts, respond
with the following starting and ending
addresses if you want to have all three
utilities.

Starting address: CC98
Ending address: CFFF

Note that Utility Plus is a package of
three utilities that are independent of
each other. This means that you may
wish to type in only the ones that you
need. If you want only one or two of
them, use the addresses listed below
and enter only those lines of the MLX
listing.

Word Wrapper
Starting Address: CC98
Ending Address: CDFB

Integer Array Search
Starting Address: CDFC
Ending Address: CEE4

String Array Search
Starting Address: CEES
Ending Address: CFFF

Be sure to save a copy of the program
before exiting MLX. When you're ready
to use the program, load it with the ,8,1
extension, type NEW and then start to
work on your own BASIC programs.
You'll find Utility Plus helpful in many
programming situations.

Word Wrapper
If you've ever used the PRINT state-

ment in a program to print out instruc-
tions or other information, you know
how difficult it can be to make the
words wrap properly. It usually takes a
good deal of trial and error to make the
statement print correctly. Word Wrap-
per does the work for you.

To use this utility, place the text you
wish printed to the screen in the string
variable A$. (Failure to do this could re-
sult in the computer's locking up).
Type SYS 52376,0 and the text con-
tained in variable A$ will be printed.
Any words that might have been cut off
by the edge of the screen will be
wrapped around. If you type SYS
52376, 1 the words will print, but the pro-
gram will automatically add a prompt
that tells you to press Return to contin-
ue. Note that you may print something
beforehand with a semicolon and then
invoke Word Wrapper, and it will con-
tinue from that PRINT statement, wrap-
ping accordingly.

Word Wrapper is quite powerful. Af-
ter Word Wrapper has printed some-
thing onscreen, anything that is printed
afterward will be tacked onto the end
of the string, as if you used PRINT
with a semicolon. To avoid this, simply
print after you execute Word Wrapper.

Integer Array Search

An integer is any number that does not
contain a fraction. On the 64, an inte-
ger must fall within the range of from
32767 to -32767. In Commodore BA-
SIC, an integer is recognized as a var-
iable name following by a percent
sign, A% or BC%, for example.

Integer Search can look through any
array of integers that contains no
more than 255 elements. (t's better if
your arrays have no more than 254 ele-
ments since a 255 is a null value for In-
teger Search.)

To invoke the Integer Array Search,
type the statement SYS 52732,XY%,
NUM,Z. In this statement, XY% is the in-
teger array to search through (the per-
cent sign is needed), NUM is the num-
ber to search for, and Z is the initial
value in memory location 251. Index Ar-
ray Search will retrieve the index held
in 251 first and will start the search at
the very next index. Therefore, it's a
good idea to initialize your integer
search by entering SYS 52732,XY%,0.
This will place a O in 251 and start

MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-31

PROGRAMS

your search at an index of 1.

The array index that contains your val-
ue NUM is held at memory location
251; just enter PRINT PEEK(251) to
find its value. A value of 255 means
there was no match, while anything
less indicates the index where there
was a match. If the variable you en-
tered for XY% does not exist, the pro-
gram will return a SEARCHING ERROR
message.

String Array Search

In BASIC, a string is any string of char-
acters. String Array Search lets you
search through any list (an array) of
strings for a specific string or even a
part of a string.

Place the string you're searching for
in string vatiable A$. This may even be
the first few characters of the string.
For example, JOH would locate
JOHNS, JOHNSON, or JOHANSON,
but not JIM JOHNSON. Failure to
have something contained in A$ could
result in the computer's crashing.

With this done, enter SYS
52965,AB$,X, with ABS being the
string array to search (the $ is neces-
sary) and X being the initial value for
252. Once again, if string ABS does
not exist, you'll receive a SEARCHING
ERROR message. This time, however,
the matched index will be stored in
memory location 252, so it will not con-
flict with the Integer Array Search. A
255 in this location indicates that a
match was not found.

Utility Demo

This demonstration program gives you
an example of the Utility Plus features
and how to use their functions. Program-
mers may find that dissecting the
code is helpful. Since Utility Demo is
written entirely in BASIC, enter it with
The Automatic Proofreader to help elim-
inate typing errors. Be sure to save the
program before running it.

Simply run the demonstration with
Utility Plus already in memory and
watch as it demonstrates the integer
and string searches, saving the Word
Wrapper for the finale.

The program sets arrays T%() and
R%() for integer arrays and S$()
for a string array. The demo illustrates
the Integer Search by picking ten ran-
dom numbers between 0-254 and

G-32. COMPUTE MAY 1993

then searching for these values in ar-
rays T%() and IR%(). T%() has a max-
imum of 100 elements, so some of the
random numbers will not be found if
they exceed 100. Also, the values in
T%() are equal to 100 minus the in-
dex, while in IR%() there is a direct
relationship. Thus, the value 37 is held
in index 73 in T%() and 37 in IR%().
Use this to check the searches.

The second demo deals with the
string S$(). This array contains the
word TRASH in 234 of its 254 elements
and the word TREASURE is scattered
at random in 20 elements throughout
the array. The numbers onscreen are
the indexes of the elements that con-
tain the word TREASURE. The variable
LI$ contains this list.

Finally, the word-wrap demo prints
some text on the screen, prompts you
to press Return, and continues with
more text.

Some Final Notes

First, the Z in SYS 52732,XY%,Z (Inte-
ger Search) and the X in SYS
52965,AB$,X (String Search) are option-
al; they may be left out. The utility will
simply begin the search at the current
index held in 251 for Integer Search or
252 for String Search.

Second, when searching for nega-
tive values in the Integer Search, you
must place this value in a variable and
then enter SYS 52732,XY%, VAR with
VAR being this variable. If you attempt
to enter SYS 52732,XY%,-1 you will run
into problems.

Third, if your A$ variable contains a
short string and you call Word Wrap-
per, you may see some garbled text
printed after your word. To clear this
up, simply add CHR§(0) after your A$
text as in AS=A$+CHR&(0). This will
add a null character to your string and
stop the garbage.

Finally, there is a programming trick
that will allow you to set the left margin
for Word Wrapper. Simply enter POKE
52496, 256 — left margin. For example,
if you wanted a left margin of 5, you
would enter POKE 52496, 255 — 5, or
POKE 52496, 251, There is also a way
to set the right margin, but it isn't as sim-
ple; those able to decode machine lan-
guage may be able to solve it. Hint:
fool around with locations 52460 and
52496 combined.

UTILITY PLUS

CC98:A2 66 28 79 8G C9 2C DG 6F
CCAG:83 24 G8 E2 86 Bl 4C 47 CC
CCA8:CD 6G A5 D3 18 EY 27 BG 82
CCBG:62 69 28 8D A9 CC A2 BG 49
CCB8:AG 69 Bl A5 C9 GB DG G8 2B
CCC@6:A5 Bl DG G1 66 4C AC CD 1F
CCC8:26 D2 FF C9 26 DG G8 AI Cl
CCDG:61 85 A3 A2 OG 86 A4 C9 18
CCD8:@D D@ G5 A2 FF BE AY CC 52
CCEG@:AG G1 28 8E CD EE A9 CC 42
CCE8:AD A9 CC C9 28 F@ GC E6 FD
CCFG:A5 A5 AS C9 OG DB BF E6 Cl
CCF8:A6 D@ BB C6 A3 A2 GG EB 8E
CDGG:A9 14 26 D2 FF E4 A3 DO 52
CD@8:F6 CA AY 26 20 D2 FF EG 36
CD16:96 D@ F6 AG G1 26 8E CD 3C
CD18:A5 A5 E5 A3 85 A5 AS A6 9B
CD26:E5 A4 85 A6 4C 2D CD C8 6E
CD28:84 A3 4C AA CC A2 G3 E6 61
CD36:A5 A5 AS C9 GB FO G8 CA F7
CD38:E@ 6G FG G8 4C 2F CD E6 84
CD4G:A6 4C 37 CD 4C AA CC AS 52
CD48:2D 85 A3 A5 2E 85 A4 AG 1C
CD56:60 Bl A3 C9 41 FB G6 C8 BC
CD58:20 8E CD F@ F2 C8 Bl A3 32
CD66:C9 8G DG F4 AG G3 26 8E 4A
CD68:CD AZ 6G Bl A3 85 AS C8 75
CD76:Bl A3 85 A6 C6 A3 A5 AZ 9C
CD78:C9 FF D@ G2 C6 A4 AG GG 3D
CD86:Bl A3 A8 AQ BB 91 AS AG BF
CD88:01 85 A4 4C 27 CD E6 A3 41
CD9G:A5 A3 C9 GB FO G6 88 CB 92
CD98:60 DG F3 66 E6 A4 FG F6 BF
CDAG:12 5B 52 45 54 55 52 4B A5
CDA8:5D 92 AB GB BY AB CD 26 B7
CDBG@:D2 FF C8 C@ 62 DG F5 AG BA
CDB8:90 B9 A2 CD AE 18 D@ EG 4C
CDCG:17 FG GA 26 D2 FF C8 CG 5G
CDC8:96 D@ EE FG @5 18 69 8G 64
CDDG:DB Fl AD 6G BO AB CD 2G 91

CDD8:D2 FF C8 C@ 62 DO F5 AY EB
CDE@:60 85 C6 A5 C6 FO FC AG AS
CDE8:69 AG GG 84 Bl AO 14 29 71
CDF@:D2 FF C8 C@ G8 D® F6 AY 36

CE18:FF AE 20 83 AE 26 AA Bl 9A
CE26:85 A6 84 A7 26 79 86 FG OD
CE28:95 28 66 E2 86 FB A5 2F 1D
CE36:85 AD A5 3@ 85 AE AG 6G DB
CE38:Bl AD C5 A3 D@ 67 C8 Bl F2

CE76:F8 AB 6G Bl AD 85 AA C9 76
CE78:63 FO D6 AA CA 26 DB CE B6
CE80:20 DB CE Bl AD 95 AF EG 1E

CEBG:FB 98 63 86 FB 60 26 DB B6

CEB8:CE
CECG:FO
CEC8:AC
CEDG: 46
CED8:85

DB
E6
BG
AB
6a
E6
FD
24
73
79
FC
2E
41
oo
Bl
26
AG
EG
AS
AG
AS
cs
El
co
c8
99
FO
AA
EB
Bl
AG
co
AG
1)
c4
AS
85
EB
F4
E6
FC

CFOG:AE
CFO8:E2
CF1O:AA
CF18:AA
CF2G6:AA

CF2

Cc C8

CF30:E6
CF38:EB
CF46:95
CF48:D0

CF7@:A5
CF78:FO
CF86:DA
CF88:CO
CF9G:66
CF98:AA
CFAG:CF
CFA8:E6

CFDG@:E6
CFD8:A9
CFEG:AA
CFE8:C8
CFFG:G1
CFF8:AA

UTILITY DEMO

HB 16 REM UTILITY/DEMO

26 REM BY ERIC J. BRYANT

30 REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COM
PUTE PUBLICATIONS - ALL
{SPACE}RIGHTS RESERVED
REM DIMENSIONING ARRAYS
DIM T% (100)

DIM IR$(254)

DIM $$(254)

REM
REM
REM
FOR X=1T0100: T%(X)=160
-X :NEXT

FOR X=1T0254: IR%(X)=X
{4 SPACES}:NEXT

FOR X=1T0254:S$(X)="TRA
SH": NEXT
REM

FOR X=1T026
TRS (X) 2)
Y=INT (RND(@)*254):1F S$
(Y)<>"TRASH" THEN 206
S$ (Y) ="TREASURE-"+IX$:N
EXT X

De
66
E5

49

98

169
116
126
139
146
156

BUILDING ARRAYS

166
176

180
196 2 IXS=MID$(S
208

216

AD

HE

PM

JK
FH

EF

226
2390
246
256
268

276

280

296

300
318
326
3398
346
356
360
376

386

398
400
416
420
430
446
456

460
476

480

496

566

516

528
538

546

REM
REM DEMO
REM INTEGER ARRAYS
REM
PRINTCHRS$ (147) ;CHRS$ (18)
;"INTEGER ARRAY DEMO:"
FOR X=1T016:Y=INT (RND(G
)*254) :NUS=MIDS$ (STRS (Y)
72)
PRINTSPC (1) ;NUS;TAB(5);
"(T%) {2 SPACES}";
SYS 52732,T%,Y,@:IF PEE
K(251)=255 THEN PRINT"N
OT FOUND":GOTO 319
PRINT" LOCATION"; PEEK (25
1
PRINTTAB (5) 7" (IR)
SYS 52732,IR%,Y,@
PRINT" LOCATION"; PEEK (25
1) :NEXT X:GOSUB59B
REM
REM STRING ARRAYS
REM
PRINTCHRS (147) ;CHRS$ (18)
;"STRING ARRAY DEMO:"
PRINT" THE TEXT ";CHRS(
34) ; "TREASURE-(X) ";CHRS
(34);" IS LOCATED:":POK
B252,0
FOR X=1T026:1XS$=MID$(ST
R$ (X) ,2) :AS="TREASURE"
SYS 52965,S$,PEEK (252)
VUS=MIDS (STR$ (PEEK (252)
) ,2) :LN=LEN(VU$): ZES="
ooo"
IF LN<3 THEN VUS=LEFTS (
ZE$,3-LN)+VUS
PRINT" ";VUS;:LIS=LIS+V
US+" ":NEXT X:GOSUB 599
REM
REM WORD WRAPPER
REM
PRINTCHRS$ (147) ;CHRS(18)
7CHRS (14); "WORD WRAPPER
DEMO:";CHRS(146);" ";
AS="THIS IS A DEMO FOR
{SPACE}THE WORD WRAPPIN
G UTILITY! SEE HOW THE
{SPACE}WORDS WERE "
AS=AS$+"AUTOMATICALLY WR
APPED AROUND THE HEADIN
G? WORD WRAPPER KEEPS T
RACK "
AS=AS+"OF WHAT POSITION
ON SCREEN YOU ENABLED
{SPACE}THIS UTILITY, AL
LOWING FOR "
AS=AS$+"MUCH VERSITILITY
"
SYS 52376,1:PRINT:PRINT
AS="ALSO NOTICE HOW WOR
D WRAPPER JUST PROMPTED
YOU TO PRESS [RETURN],
" Sa

"e
7

AS=AS+"THIS ALLOWS YOU
{SPACE}TO PROMPT THE US
ER BEFORE CONTINUING WI

TH A RATHER "

FQ 550 AS=AS+"LENGTHY TEXT."

FF 560 SYS 52376:PRINT:PRINT:G
OsuB 590:

BP 570 PRINTCHRS (147) ;CHRS$ (142
);"UTILITY/DEMO COMPLET
Ee

QM 580 END

HX 596 PRINTCHRS (18) ; "CONTINUE
?":PRINTCHRS (18) ;"(Y)ES
OR (N)O"

EJ 606 GET A$ :IF AS="" THEN 6
1)

DR 616 IF AS<>"N" THEN RETURN

XQ 620 END

Eric Jevon Bryant lives in the Bronx,
New York City, NY.

DIRECTOR-EASE

By Randy J. Clemmons
| have subscribed to Gazette since 1985,
and | always look forward to reading Jim
Butterfield's “Machine Language” col-
umn. In October 1992, Jim wrote that pro-
gramming to read a disk directory is no
trivial task. | thought you might like to
look at my solution for reading directories.
Director-Ease (pun intended) makes it
possible to create a directory reader eas-
ily wherever 102 bytes of RAM are
available.

Director-Ease has an option to create
a BASIC loader, which allows BASIC pro-
grammers an easy path to incorporate a
directory reader into their work. Also, if
you wish, Director-Ease lets you display
only specific file types, such as PRG,
SEQ, REL, or USR files.

Entering the Program

Director-Ease is written entirely in BA-
SIC. To help avoid typing errors, enter
the program with The Automatic Proof-
reader; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in
this section. Be sure to save a copy of
the program before you try to run it.

Using the Program
Load and run Director-Ease. To use
the program for the first time, use the
default starting address of 828 which
appears on screen. Location 828 is in
the 64's cassette buffer, a favorite
place for small machine language rou-
tines. Respond to the make loader ques-
tion with N for no. You'll then see a mes-
sage onscreen that tells you to use
SYS 828 to view files. Enter that SYS to
verify that everything is working well.
MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-33

PROGRAMS

Relocation
Let's check out Director-Ease's relocat-
ability feature. Enter RUN and repeat
the steps outlined in the previous par-
agraph, but this time pick an address
in the 64's upper RAM. For example, en-
ter a starting address between 49152
and 57145, Remember, use a place
where 102 bytes of RAM are available.
You could choose a location inside
BASIC’s normal program space, but
you'd have to take steps to protect the
code from being overwritten eventual-
ly by BASIC. You could do it by mov-
ing BASIC's top-of-memory pointer
down and then entering a CLR state-
ment to realign BASIC’s pointers.
Then you could safely use an address
above the top-of-memory pointer.

Create a Loader

To use the BASIC loader option, enter
Y when the programs asks if you want
to create one. When the program finish-
es executing, several lines of BASIC
code will appear onscreen. This code
is ready to run, save, or renumber.

It's easy to add this BASIC loader
code to your programs by using an.ap-
pend routine. If you don’t already
have an append routine, see Randy Th-
ompson's “Programmer's Page" in the
September 1992 Gazette.

What’s Happening

As Director-Ease executes, the follow-
ing events take place. The code is
placed in 102 bytes of RAM and then
a relocation routine makes adjustments
to some machine language instructions
(JMP and JSR) inside the code. When
the make loader option is selected, the
dynamic keyboard technique is em-
ployed to create the data statements
for BASIC and to delete Director-Ease
from memory, leaving only the code for
a BASIC program.

Being Selective

Reading either specific (PRG, SEQ,
REL, USR) file types or all file types is
easy with Director-Ease. The default for
Director-Ease is to view all file types,
but by entering a few POKEs, you can
change the program to read specific
file types only. Another default option is
to view sequential files only. To switch
to this default, enter POKE (starting ad-
dress + 9),6. Then enter the SYS and

G-34 COMPUTE MAY 1993

starting address to view the directory.
If there are no sequential files on the
disk, only the disk header is printed. To
switch back to viewing all files, enter
POKE (starting address + 9),1.

Before continuing, let's review the
decimal equivalents for ASCII charac-
ters PS, R, and U. The ASCII value for
P (PRG) is 80, the value for R (REL) is
82, the value for S (SEQ) is 83, and the
value for U (USR) is 85. Here’s how
those values can be used to select spe-
cific file types for display.

POKE (starting address + 99),80
to view program (PRG) files only.
POKE (starting address + 99),82
to view relative (REL) files only.
POKE (starting address + 99),83
to view sequential (SEQ) files only.
POKE (starting address + 99),85
to view user (USR) files only.

To enable the option to view specific
file types, enter one of the above
POKEs and then POKE (starting ad-
dress + 9),6. Then use SYS to get to
the starting address to see the directo-
ry. To switch back to viewing all file
types, enter POKE (starting address +
9),1.

Device Numbers

Director-Ease also lets you see direc-
tories on devices other than device 8.
You can customize the program by en-
tering the following three POKEs plus
the device number of your drive or
REU. (Note; The selective directory op-
tion will not work with Commodore
1700 series REUs. When used with
these REUs, the option only lists direc-
tories of all file types.)

For directories on devices other than de-
vice 8, you'll have to enter three
POKEs, each ending with the desired
device or drive number. Here are
those POKEs.

POKE (starting address + 1), device #
POKE (starting address + 21), device #
POKE (starting address + 89), device #.

Now, when you check a directory by
typing SYS starting address, you'll get
a listing of programs and files on which-
ever device or drive number that you
selected in the above POKEs.

DIRECTOR-EASE
BM ® REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COMP
UTE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD
- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
GOTO1@:REM BY RANDY CLEMM
ONS
S=16{2 SPACES}:REM * DELE
TE ROUTINE 2-8 *
PRINT"{CLR}{2 DOWN}":FORI
=S TO S+66 STEP19
IFI>34@THEN NEXT: PRINT"GO
TO7":GOTO6
PRINTI: PRINTCHRS (20) :NEXT
I:PRINT"S="S+66" {LEFT} :GO
TO3"
POKE198,10:FORK=1T016: POK
E630+K,13:NEXTK: PRINT"
{HOME}":END
PRINT" {CLR} {2 DOWN}":FORM
=1T08:PRINTM:NEXTM: PRINT"
PRINT CHR$(147) :LIST"
POKE198,9:FORK=1T09: POKE6
30+K,13:NEXTK: PRINT"
{HOME}":END
PJ 10 GOSUB13G:INPUT"{CLR}
{2 RIGHT}{2 DOWN}CREATE
{SPACE}BASIC LOADER Y/N"
7C$:IFCS$="Y"THENGOSUB110
:GOTO 36
PRINT"{2 RIGHT}{2 DOWN}S
YS";S:PRINT"{2 RIGHT}
- {2 DOWN}TO VIEW "TS" FIL
ES":END
PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}":FOR
I=STOS+47STEP6
IFI>FTHENNEXT: PRINT" GOTO
86":GoTO7¢
PRINTI;"DATA ";:FORJ=GTO
5:RS=STR$ (PEEK (I+J)) :PRI
NTRIGHTS (R$,LEN (R$) -1) ;"
"

mM 1
sD 2
JR 3
FD 4

HS 5
GH 6
XK 7

SH 8

KJ 20

JH 39
JI 46

PK 50

"5
NEXTJ: PRINTCHR$ (26) :NEXT
I:PRINT"S="S+48" {LEFT} :F
="E"{LEFT}:GOTO 36" j
POKE198,10:FORK=1T014: PO
KE630+K,13:NEXTK: PRINT"
{HOME }":END

SA= (PEEK (679) *256) +PEEK (
686) :EA=SA+101

PRINT" {CLR} {3 DOWN}"SA-1
"FORI="SA"TO"EA": READDA:
POKEI,DA:NEXTI:END"

MF 160 PRINT" RUN 2":POKE198,2:
POKE631,13:POKE632,13:P
RINT" {HOME }":END

REM **(3 SPACES}SAVE ST
ARTING ADDRESS

{3 SPACES}**
TV5S:HB=INT (TV/256) :LB=
INT (TV- (HB* 256) ) : POKE67
9,HB:POKE680,LB: RETURN
PRINT" {CLR} {3 RIGHT}

{3 DOWN}ENTER STARTING
{SPACE}ADDRESS NO,

{3 SPACES}828"
INPUT"{36 RIGHT} {UP}";s
PRINT"{3 RIGHT}{2 DOWN}

PJ 66

BM 76

GH 80

DE 96

EK 116

MB 126

SC 136

DX 149
DK 156

POKING DATA TO MEMORY .
"

GG 160 REM * DIRECTORY ML DATA
*

XR 170 FOR I= S TO S+101:READD
A:POKEI,DA:NEXTI:F=S+19
1

DATA 169,8,170,160,0,32
1 186,255,169

DATA 1,162,154,166,3,32
1189,255,32

DATA 192,255,162,8,32,1
98,255,32

DATA 228,255,32,228,255
132,225,255

DATA 246,49,32,228,255,
32,228,255

DATA 165,144,208,39,32,
228,255,141

DATA 166,3,32,228,255,1
74,168,3,32

DATA 265,189,169,32,32,
210,255

DATA 32,228,255,246,6,3
2,216,255,76

DATA 126,3,169,13,32,21
@,255,76,91

DATA 3,32,204,255,169,8
732,195,255

DATA 96,36,48,58,42,61,
83,0,

REM ** RELOCATION DATA
{SPACE} **

DATA 94,11,13,190,50,51
1100,56,57,66,75,76,31,
83,84

REM ** RELOCATION ROUTI
NE kk

FORI=1 TO 5:READ DA:TV=
S+DA:HB=INT (TV/256) : LB=
INT (TV-(HB* 256) )
READLO: POKE (S+LO) ,LB: RE
ADHI: POKE (S+HI) ,HB:NEXT
I:RETURN

FC 186

KS 196
XS 206
QJ 216
HC 226
AH 236
PD 246
MG 256
JE 266
DJ 276
KJ 280
FD 296
DH 366

QR 310

RM 320

EB 330

SG 346

Randy Clemmons wrote this program
when he found himself needing to re-
locate a directory reader to make
room for other machine language
code which required the same memo-
ry. He lives in San Diego, California

CROSSREF 128

By Donald G. Klich
Have you ever wanted to make modifica-
tions to someone else's BASIC program
but were afraid to touch it for fear of reus-
ing a variable name or removing an in-
struction that may be used as an entry
point? Then you need CrossRef 128.
CrossRef 128 will process any 64 or
128 BASIC program and send an alpha-
betical listing of all variables and all the

lines that refer to them to your printer. It
also prints a list of all entry-point line num-
bers with their associated branching line
numbers.

With this listing, it's then possible to
choose unused variable names or re-
place original coding lines without the
fear of accidentally queering the original
program.

Typing It In
CrossRef 128 consists of two program
segments, both written in BASIC 7.0.
To help avoid typing errors, enter the
programs with The Automatic Proofread-
er; see “Typing Aids’ elsewhere in
this section. Save the first segment
with any name you wish, but be sure to
save the second segment with the file-
name SEG.2 since the first program
loads the second by that name. Note
that abbreviated commands (upper
case characters) are used on line 20 of
the first segment. This is necessary so
that the required code will fit in the key-
definition area.

Creating a List

Load and run the first short program,
and make sure your printer is turned
on. This program loads the f1 function
key area, displays some instructions,
and then exits. Now DLOAD the pro-
gram to be cross-referenced. Finally,
be sure that the disk containing SEG.2
is in the drive and press the f1 key.

The amount of execution time re-
quired depends on the length and com-
plexity of the target program. Large pro-
grams may take 15 minutes or more to
process. As a comfort, turn up the vol-
ume on your monitor, and you should
hear the churning activity.

The printout lists all variables used
in the program in alphabetical order
and the line numbers in which they ap-
pear. Following that is a listing in numeri-
cal order of lines that branch to other
lines and their destinations. Now you
can consult this cross-reference list be-
fore making changes or alterations to
64 or 128 BASIC programs without wor-
tying about deleting or overwriting im-
portant variables or line numbers.

CROSSREF 128

PK 5 REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COMP
UTE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD
- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Js
SB

MF

BQ

16
26

25

36

SEG.2

MS

PA

XP
KH
CH
CE
QQ
BD
HK
EH
Gc

AB
DB

MB

DC

1d

26
36

46
56
66
76
86
96
160
1196
129
136
146
156
166
176
186
196
206
216
226

2396
246

256
269

REM LABELS AND CONSTANTS
AS= “FAST"+CHRS (13)+"0P2
78,2, "+CHRS (34)+"G:W,S,W
"+CHRS (34) +CHRS (13) +"CM2
"+CHRS (13) +"LI"+CHRS (13
+"PR2"+CHRS (13) +"CLOSE2"
KEY1, AS$+CHRS (13) +"RUN"+C
HRS (34) +"SEG. 2"+CHRS (34)
+CHRS$ (13)
COLORG,1:COLOR4,1:PRINT"
{CLR}{4 DOWN} {YEL}

{5 SPACES}LOAD THE PROGR
AM TO BE PROCESSED":PRIN
T"{1@ SPACES}THEN PRESS
{SPACE}THE Fl KEY"

REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COM
PUTE PUBLICATIONS INTL L
TD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
REM SEGMENT 2
FAST:OPEN2,8,2,"@0:W,S,R
"sDIMRSS$(15@) ,PUS(14) ,LB
$ (788) ,LN% (788) ,2S$(26),
NA (206) ,BA% (200) :B=1:Q=
1:QTS=CHRS$ (34) :OPEN1,4
FORI=1T015@:READRSS (I) :N
EXT
FORI=1T012:READPUS (I) :NE
xT
REM ***ROUTINE TO EXTRAC
T A LINE
GET#2,A$:SU=ST
IFAS=CHRS (13) THENLGG
BS=BS+A$:GOTO15@
IFLEFTS (BS$,5) ="READY"TH
ENBS="":GOTO15G
IFBS=""THEN15@
I=INSTR(LEFTS (BS$,9) ,"RE
M") : IFI>@THENBS="":GOTO
150 ;
I=INSTR(LEFTS (BS,10) ,"D
ATA") : IFI>@THENBS="":GO
TO156
GOSUB170:BS=""
IFSU=G6THEN7@:ELSECLOSE2
:GOTO6GS
REM ***ROUTINE TO EXTRA
CT AN INSTRUCTION
CS="":I=INSTR(BS," ",1)
:N=VAL (LEFTS$ (BS,I-1)) :P
=I+1:ZP=1
IFP>LEN (BS) THEN25@
IFMIDS (B$,P,1)=":"THEN2
46
IFMIDS (BS$,P,1)<>QTSTHEN
226
P=P+1:IFCS=OTHENCS=1:GO
T0180 :ELSECS=0:GOTO180
IFCS=GTHENCS$=CS+MID$ (BS
7P,1)
P=P+1:GOTO180
CL=LEN (C$) :GOSUB279: P=P
+1:CS="":GOTO189
CL=LEN (C$) :GOSUB270:RET
URN
REM ***SUBROUTINE TO EX

MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-35

PROGRAMS

GK
G-36

276
286
296
366
3195
326
336
340
350

368
376
380
396
400
416
420
436

44G
456

460
478
486
496
560

516

520

538

540
556
568

578

580
590

686

TRACT CONSTANTS
L=l
HT=6
GOSUB526:IFL>GTHEN29G6:E
LSEL=-L
IFL=CL+1THEN47@
FORT=1T0O12:IFMIDS(CS,L,
1) <>PUS$ (T) THENNEXT: GOTO
336
HT=1:L=L+1:1FL=CL+1 THEN
476:ELSE310
IFASC (MIDS (C$,L,1)) <>34
THEN38@
HT=1:L=L+1
FORT=LTOL+254:IFASC (MID
$(C$,T,1))=34THENL=T+1:
GOTO376
NEXT:END
IFL=CL+1THEN470
IFMID$(CS$,L,1) <>CHRS (44
) ANDMIDS (C$,L,1) <>CHRS (
32) THEN4O@
L=L+1:HT=1: IFL=CL+1THEN
470:ELSE380
IFASC (MID$(C$,L,1))>570
RASC (MIDS (C$,L,1)) <48TH
EN436
IFSN=1THEN43@
HT=1:L=L+1: IFL=CL+1THEN
47GELSE466
IFHT=LANDSN=G@THEN 280
IFHT=1LANDSN=1THEN466
SN=1:ES=ES+MIDS$(CS$,L,1
:L=L+1:IFL=CL+1THEN47@:
ELSE280
SN=8:GOSUB486:GOTO28G
IFSN=1THENSN=@:GOSUB480
: RETURN
REM ***ROUTINE TO BLOCK
DUPLICATE REFERENCES
FORI=1TOZP: IFES$=ZS$(I)T
HENES="": RETURN
NEXT: LN% (B) =N: LBS (B) =E$
:ZP=ZP+1:ZS$ (ZP) =ES:B=B
+1:E$="":RETURN
REM ***SUBROUTINE TO ST
RIP INSTR
FORT=3ATOLS@STEP30:1FMI
DS(CS$,L,LEN(RS$(T)))>RS
$ (T) THENNEXT : GOTO580
T=T-29:PORU=TTOT+29:IFM
ID$(C$,L,LEN(RS$(U)))>R
SS (U) THENNEXT : GOTO589
IFMIDS (C$,L,LEN(RSS(U) )
) <RSS (U) THENS83
IFRSS (U) ="REM"THENBS=""
:GOTO15G
IFRSS (U) ="THEN"ORRSS (U)
="ELSE"ORRSS (U) ="GOTO"0
RRSS (U) ="GOSUB"THENGOSU
B768
L=L+LEN (RS$(U)) :HT=1:RE
TURN
L=-L: RETURN
REM ***ROUTINE TO PRINT
OUTPUT
PRINT#1,"VARIABLE CROSS

COMPUTE MAY 1993

PB

AJ

AM

JF

616

626
636

646
656

660
676

680

696

768

716

726

738

748
758

766

776

786

796

REFERENCE LIST": PRINT#
1,"LABELS MAY APPEAR MO
RE THAN ONCE ON A LINE"
3 PRINT#1
AS="ZZZ2Z":FORI=1TOB-1:1
FLBS (1) <ASTHENAS=LBS (1)
NEXT: IFAS="ZZ2Z"THEN650
PRINT#1,A$;SPC(6-LEN (AS
));"-";:PORI=1TOB-1:I1FL
BS (I) =ASTHENPRINT#1,LN%
(I); 2:LB$ (1) ="22zz"
NEXT: PRINT#1:GOTO610
PRINT#1:PRINT#1,"ACCESS
ED LINES AND WHERE THEY
ARE REFERENCED": PRINT#
1
A%=32767:FORI=1T0Q-1:1F
BAS (I) <ASTHENAS=BA$ (1)
NEXT: IFA%=32767THENPRIN
T#1:CLOSE1:SCRATCH"W":S
LOW:END
PRINT#1,A%;" - ";:FORI=
1T0Q~-1: IFBA% (I) =A$THENP
RINT#1,NA$% (I) 7 :BA$(I) =3
2767
NEXT: PRINT 4#1:GOTO66G
L$=""";FORI=L+LEN (RSS (U)
) TOCL:AS=MID$ (C$,1,1):1
FASC (AS) <58ANDASC (A$) >4
TTHENLS=LS+A$ : NEXT: GOTO
736
IFAS="_“"THENNEXT:GOTO73
6

IFAS=", "THENNA$ (Q) =N:BA
$ (Q) =VAL (LS) :LS="":Q=Q+
1:NEXT:GOTO74G
IFLS<>""THENNA$ (Q) =N:BA
% (Q) =VAL (L$) :Q=Q+1
RETURN

DATA ABS,AND,APPEND,ASC
,ATN, BACKUP, BANK, BEGIN,
BEND ,BLOAD, BOOT ,BOX, BSA
VE, BUMP, CATALOG, CHAR,CH
RS$,CIRCLE,CLOSE,CLR,CMD
,COLLECT., COLLISION ,COLO
R,CONCAT ,COPY ,COS

DATA DCLEAR,DCLOSE,DEC,
DEF, DIM, DIRECTORY, DLOAD
,DO,DOPEN, DRAW, DSAVE , DV
ERIFY,ELSE,END, ENVELOPE
,ERRS,EXIT,EXP,FAST,FET
CH, FILTER, FN,FOR,FRE,GE
T

DATA GOSUB,GO64,GOTO,GR
APHIC,GSHAPE, HEADER, HEX
$,IF, INPUT, INSTR, INT,JO
Y,KEY,LEFT$,LEN,LET,LIS
T,LOAD,LOCATE,LOG,LOOP,
MIDS ,MOVSPR, NEW, NEXT
DATA ON,OPEN,OR,PAINT,P
EEK, PEN, PI, PLAY, POKE, PO
S,POT,PRINT,PUDEF,RCLR,
RDOT , READ, RECORD, REM, RE
NAME , RESTORE, RESUME, RET
URN, RGR, RIGHTS, RND, RREG
,RSPCOLOR

DATA RSPPOS,RSPRITE;RUN

»RWINDOW, SAVE, SCALE, SCN
CLR, SCRATCH,SGN,SIN,SLE
EP,SLOW, SOUND,SPC,SPRCO
LOR,SPRDEF,SPRITE,SPRSA
V,SQR,SSHAPE,STASH,STEP
,STOP,STRS,SWAP

DATA SYS,TAB,TAN,TEMPO,
THEN,TO,TRAP,TROFF,TRON
,UNTIL,USING,USR,VAL,VE
RIFY,VOL,WAIT,WHILE,WID
TH ,WINDOW, XOR,22222,#, (
Daten ri eSa re

PM 860

Donald Klich is the author of File Index
128 (April 1993). He lives in Mount Pros-
pect, Illinois.

YOUR OWN DATABASE

By Jim Butterfield

You can sit down at your 64 or 128 and
write your own customized database pro-
gram. The program will be in BASIC, and
although it will have a few limitations, it
will work nicely. Here's how to go about
it. A sample program is included that will
run on either a 64 or 128.

Types of Databases

The simplest type of database is
called a flat file system. You may think
of it as a set of cards in a drawer, in no
particular order. To find a given record,
you'll have to search through the
whole set. That's not too hard to do if
your database is of modest size. Our
program will use flat files. This means
that any new items that we add go at
the end. We may also delete or modify
existing records.

Indexed files are the next type of da-
tabase and are a step up in complexi-
ty. The records are put in some type of
order, such as alphabetical order by
name. Although it wouldn't be a great
deal of work to change our simple pro-
gram to an indexed type, we'll stick
with the simple flat files.

Relational databases are more com-
plex because records are linked to
each other. A school database might
link students to classes to teachers to
classrooms. These databases are too
complex for us to tackle here.

Limitations

Some Commodore 8-bit machines
have hard disks, but the most common
setup is a single floppy disk drive.
That configuration limits the size and

style of databases that can be easily fit-
ted into our system.

Our project will stay with a database
that can be read completely into the
computer's RAM memory. The process
consists of reading in the whole file,
viewing or modifying the data, and writ-
ing the whole file back to floppy disk.

Commodore BASIC is limited by the
INPUT statement (and the related IN-
PUT# statement). If the data coming in
contains a comma (,) or colon (:) char-
acter, these statements will not be-
have. Ornate coding can get around
these problems. But to keep it simple,
we'll forbid the use of these characters
in our database.

Typing It In

Database is written entirely in BASIC.
To help avoid typing errors, enter it
with The Automatic Proofreader; see
“Typing Aids” elsewhere in this sec-
tion. Be sure to save a copy of the pro-
gram before you exit Proofreader.

The Program

Database is a brief demo program to
show you how to go about doing the
job. You may want to modify it and ex-
pand on its basic form. As it stands in
this demo, the database keeps track of
members of a small club: last name,
first name, date (of birth or member-
ship), and high score.

In planning a database, it's impor-
tant to list the fields: the data elements
that go to make up a record. The sam-
ple program has four fields, and I've de-
liberately chosen three types: string (a
name), date, and numeric value. A
fourth type, dollars and cents, is also
common, but isn’t included here.

Decide on a maximum number of re-
cords for your database. I've chosen
50 records, but this can be easily
changed by modifying the value of N9
in line 110.

The four fields are set up as arrays
named AS( ), BS( ), CS( ), and D( ).
The dollar symbols used with the first
three indicate that these are strings.
Field 3, C$( ), is the date, and it could
be a number rather than a string. But
since we don't do arithmetic on this
field, it may be conveniently left as a
string value. You may want to total or av-
erage field 4, which is the high score,
so we'll drop the dollar sign and make

this field a numeric one.

Program Modules
In lines 100-350, the program does a
little initialization and then reads in the
data file. If the data file doesn’t exist,
the program warns you of this but al-
lows you to continue with an empty da-
tabase. The program will create this
file once you have entered some data.
Lines 400-510 ask for some action.
You have the following options: add, de-
lete, change (a record), show (the
file), or quit. Some actions are not avail-
able if the database is empty or full.

Quit

Lines 520-760 handle the Quit option.
If no changes have been made to the
file or if the database contains no re-
cords, the program quits immediately.
Otherwise, the program creates an up-
dated file called MYDATA and writes it
to disk. This is done carefully so that a
backup file will exist. The sequence
scratches the previous backup file; re-
names the former data file so that it be-
comes the backup; and, finally, writes
the new data file.

Add

Lines 1000-1160 let you add records
to the database. Data for the new re-
cord is requested. Then this record is
displayed, allowing you to accept or
cancel it.

Delete

Lines 2000-2210 contain the routine to
delete records. You can select the re-
cord for deletion. That record is
shown in detail so that you can confirm
or cancel the delete request.

Change

The routine to change a record is
found in lines 3000-3190. You are al-
lowed to select the record to be
changed. The record is shown in de-
tail, with the four fields numbered; you
are asked to select which field to
change. After any change, you may
continue to make changes on the
same record.

It should be noted that a program
can be set up to allow only certain
changes. For example, the high score
field might be available for modifica-
tion, but the name fields, once entered,

might be nonchangeable.

Display

Lines 4000-4290 display the records
on the screen or send them to the print-
er. The coding assumes a 40-column
screen, so the data is squeezed to fit.
The screen display pauses from time
to time to allow the data to be read.
Printer output, in contrast, takes advan-
tage of the wider output area and
prints all records without pause.

Specify

The DELETE and CHANGE commands
call for a specific record to be select-
ed. This is done in the subroutine be-
tween lines 5000-5160. If you don't
find the desired record, a no-record-
selected value of 0 may be returned.

Date

Lines 8000-8120 handle the date rou-
tine: You are prompted for a date in
year/month/day order. This is
changed to a numeric string within the
database. Dates held in this way,
19930214, for example, may be easily
searched or sorted if necessary. Note
that you may enter the month either as
a name or as a number.

Comments

Database programs often contain extra
features not shown here. For example,
the program might search for selected
data or produce totals or averages.
Again, there are related programs (re-
port generators) that sort and summa-
rize data, but our simple program is
kept to a minimum of steps.

Watch for the limitations of the IN-
PUT statement. We've mentioned the
need to stay away from commas and
colons. As you expand the features of
your database, keep in mind a few oth-
er factors. The computer won't like emp-
ty fields. If you have fields such as mid-
dle initial, apartment number, or date
of marriage, be sure to have your pro-
gram fill unused items with a dummy
character such as a slash or asterisk.

Some databases never delete or
change a record. If you need a
change, a correcting entry is added.
That's a valid way to do things, but it
may cause the data file to grow to an
unreasonable size. You might find it use-
ful to reform your data at intervals, say

MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-37

PROGRAMS

at the start of each year. The old
database may be kept as an ar-
chive; the new one will contain only
current information.

The program Database is just a
start. Plan your own data, and mod-
ify the program to meet your own
needs.

DATABASE

FC 5@ REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COM
PUTE PUBLICATIONS - ALL
{SPACE}RIGHTS RESERVED

AS 100 REM SIMPLE FLAT FILE DA
TA BASE

XE 110 N9=58

QM 120 DIM A$(N9) ,BS(N9) ,CS(N9
),D(N9)

QH 130 SS$="{17 SPACES}"

JE 146 M9$=",.JANFEBMARAPRMAYJ
UNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC"

KH 200 OPEN 15,8,15

PR 210 OPEN 1,8,3,"@:MYDATA,S,
R"

AD 226 INPUT#15,E,E$

PF 238 IF E=6 GOTO 300

QM 240 CLOSE 1:CLOSE 15

DA 250 PRINT "I CANNOT FIND FI
LE 'MYDATA'"

DS 266 INPUT "CONTINUE";XS

SR 270 IF X$="Y" OR XS="YES" G
OTO 406

MH 286 END

JE 300 N=N+1

DQ 310 INPUT#1,A$(N) ,BS(N) ,C$(
N) ,D(N)

EF 320 IF ST=0 GOTO 300

FX 330 CLOSE 1:CLOSE 15

SJ 34@ PRINT N;"RECORDS FOUND
{SPACE}ON FILE."

EQ 350 IF N+1G>N9 THEN PRINT "
FILE ALMOST FULL!"

GB 460 IF N>G THEN PRINT "SHOW

"

Pee

RJ 416 IF N<N9 THEN PRINT "ADD

"

ee

BP 420 IF N>@ THEN PRINT "DELF
TE, CHANGE, ";

QG 430 PRINT "QUIT

JS 440 INPUT X$:XS=LEFTS(XS,1

HX 450 IF N=@ GOTO 496

GG 460 GOTO 4000

DP 476 GOTO 2000

RK 48@ IF X$="C" GOTO 3669

BF 490 IF N=N9 GOTO 516

QM 560 IF XS="A" GOTO 1606

MH 510 IF X$<>"Q" GoTO 466

QS 526 REM QUIT .. BUT PERHAPS
WRITE FILE

XJ 536 IF F9=G6 OR N=6 THEN END

FP 546 PRINT "READY TO WRITE F
ILE!"

HX 550 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY."

EE 560 GET X$,X$,X$

EJ 576 GET X$:IF x$="" GOTO 57
@ 3

G-38 COMPUTE MAY 1993

HG

Pc

58

596
608

610
628
636
646

656
666

678
686
696
768
716
726
736
746
758
766
1668
1616

1626
1636
1648
1656
1668
1676
1686
1696
1166
1116
1126

1136

1146
1156

1166
2666
2616
2626

26368

2646

2656

2068
2065

2076

2088

REM DELETE ARCHIVE IF P
RESENT

OPEN 15,8,15
PRINT#15,"S@:MYDATA.OLD
"

REM RENAME PREVIOUS DAT
A FILE
PRINT#15,"RO:MYDATA.OLD
=@:MYDATA"
REM WRITE NEW MASTER FI
LE
OPEN 1,8,3,"G:MYDATA,S,
w"
INPUT#15,E,E$
IF E<>@ THEN PRINT E;E$
:CLOSE 1:CLOSE 15:END
FOR J=1 TO N
PRINT#1,A$ (J)
PRINT#1,B$ (J)
PRINT#1,C$ (J)
PRINT#1,D(J)
NEXT J
INPUT#15,E,E$,E1,E2
IF E<>@ THEN PRINT E;ES$
CLOSE 1:CLOSE 15
END
REM ADD A RECORD
INPUT "LAST NAME";A$(N
+1)
INPUT "FIRST NAME";BS(
N+1)
V=N+1:GOSUB 8008 :
GET DATE
INPUT "HIGH SCORE";D(N
+1)
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
INPUT
"EX$
IF X$="Y" OR X$="YES"
{SPACE}GOTO 1149
PRINT ">>> RECORD CANC
ELLED! <<<"
GOTO 466
N=N+1:F9=1
PRINT N;"RECORDS TOTAL
"

REM

AS (N+1)
BS (N+1)
C$ (N+1)
D(N+1)
"IS THE ABOVE OK

GOTO 406

REM DELETE A RECORD

GOSUB 5000

IF X=@ GOTO 460

PRINT "READY TO DELETE
RECORD:"

PRINT "{2 SPACES}";AS$(

X)

PRINT "{2 SPACES}";BS(

x)

M=VAL (MIDS (C$(X) ,5,2))

PRINT "{2 SPACES}";LEF

TS(C$(X) ,4) ;MIDS (MOS »M

*3,3) ;RIGHTS (C$ (X) ,2)

PRINT "{2 SPACES}";D(X

)
INPUT "OK TO DELETE";X

DE
EP

2698
2189

21190
2129
2139
2146
2158
2166
2178
2186
2196
2286
2218

2226
3600
36196
3020
3036

3046
3656

3066
3065

3670
3680
30696
3196

3116
3126

3136
3148

3158
3166

3176
3186

3190
4096

46196
4926
4630
4046
4050
4968
4076
4086

4696
4196

$

IF X$="Y" OR X$="YES"
{SPACE}GOTO 2120
PRINT "RECORD >>>NOT<<
< DELETED!"

GOTO 496

N=N-1 i

IF X>N GOTO 2220

FOR J=X TO N

AS (J) =A$ (J+1)

BS (J) =B$ (J+1)

C$ (J) =C$(J+1)

D(J) =D(J+1)

NEXT J

F9=1

PRINT ">>> RECORD DELE
TED! <<<"

GOTO 406

REM CHANGE A RECORD
GOSUB 5008

IF X=@ GOTO 400

PRINT "READY TO CHANGE
RECORD:"
PRINT "1:";AS$(X)

PRINT "2:";B$(X)

M=VAL (MID$ (C$(X) ,5,2))
PRINT "3:";LEFTS (CS (X)
4) ;MID$ (M9$,M*3,3) ;RI
GHTS (C$ (X) ,2)

PRINT "4:";D(X)

INPUT "CHANGE WHICH FI
ELD (G=NONE)";J
J=INT(J):IF J<1 OR J>4
THEN J=G

ON J GOTO 3126,3146,31
60,3186

GOTO 496

INPUT "LAST NAME";AS (X

)

F9=1:GOTO 3046

INPUT “FIRST NAME";BS (
x)

F9=1:GOTO 3446
V=X:GOSUB 8406 :
ET DATE
F9=1:GOTO 3046
INPUT "HIGH SCORE";D(X

REM G

)

F9=1:GOTO 3049

REM SHOW ~ DISPLAY OR
{SPACE} PRINT

INPUT "SCREEN OR PRINT
ER";X$

X$=LEFTS (X$,1)

IF X$="P" GOTO 4194

IF X$<>"S" GOTO 4014
J=1

K=J+20:IF K=N THEN K=N
+1

PRINT LEFTS$(A$(J)+S$,1
3);

PRINT LEFTS$(B$(J)+S$,1
6); 5

M=VAL (MIDS (C$(J) ,5,2))
PRINT LEFTS$(CS$(J),4) 3M
IDS (M9$ ,M*3,3) ; RIGHTS (
C$(J),2);

4116
4126
4136

4149
4156

4166
4176
4186
4196
4206
4216
4226

4238
4248
4256
4266
4276
4280
4296
5600
5619
5026
563¢
5640
50595
5668
5676

5080
5696

5196
5116

5126
5138

5140
5156

5169
8009
8610

8026
8030

8040
8056
8060

PRINT RIGHTS (SS$+STRS(D
(J))-7)

J=J+1:1IF J<>K GOTO 417
(i

PRINT "{2 SPACES}>> MO
RE - PRESS ANY KEY <<"
7CHRS (145)

GET X$,X$,X$,X$

GET X$:IF X$="" GoTo 4
156

GOTO 4666

IF J<=N GOTO 4070

GOTO 409

REM SEND TO PRINTER
OPEN 4,4

FOR J=1 TO N
PRINT#4,LEFTS$(AS$(J)+SS
128);

PRINT#4,LEFTS$ (BS(J)+S$
115);

M=VAL (MIDS (C$(J) ,5,2))
PRINT#4,LEFTS (C$ (J) ,4)
;MIDS$ (M9$,M*3,3) ;RIGHT
$(CS$(J),2)3

PRINT#4, RIGHTS (S$+STRS
(D(J)) ,10)

NEXT J

CLOSE 4

GOTO 400

PRINT "SELECT WHICH RE
CORD:"

Jsl

K=J+26:IF K>N THEN K=N
FOR S=J TO K

PRINT RIGHTS (S$+STRS(S
),3)7"3 ";LEFTS (AS (S)+
$$,12);

PRINT LEFTS(BS$(S)+SS,6
3

PRINT LEFT$(C$(S)+S$,8
3

PRINT RIGHTS (SS$+STR$(D
(S)),7)

NEXT S

PRINT ">> SELECT RECOR
D NUMBER, OR @ ";

IF K<>N THEN PRINT "FO
R MORE <<"
IF K=N THEN PRINT "TO

{SPACE}QUIT <<"

INPUT X

X=INT(X):IF X>N THEN X
=0

J=K

IF X=9 AND K<>N GOTO 5
620

RETURN

INPUT "YEAR";Y¥

IF ¥<1908 OR Y¥>9999 GO
TO 8000

INPUT "MONTH" ;MS

M=VAL (M$) :IF M>G AND M
<13 GOTO 8653

MS=LEFTS (M$+S$,3)

FOR J=1 TO 12

IF M$=MIDS$ (M9$,J*3,3)
{SPACE}THEN M=J

FG 80678 NEXT J

QQ 8684 IF M<l OR M>12 GOTO 8G
26

SE 8696 INPUT "DAY";D

MQ 8108 IF D<l OR D>31 GOTO 8@
96

RK 8119 C$(V)=RIGHTS(STRS$(Y) ,4

) +RIGHTS (STRS (M+10GS ,2
) +RIGHTS (STR$(D+108) ,2

)
RS 8128 RETURN

Jim Butterfield writes ‘Machine Lan-
guage," a regular Gazette column. He
lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

ML MACROS

By Cameron Kaiser

On the side of my computer | have
taped a list of SYS codes: SYS 62913;
SYS 49152,X,Y,Z; SYS 64738; SYS
57812'filename",D,S; and so on. The on-
ly way | can keep them straight is to use
them or write them down; otherwise, I'll for-
get them,

Unfortunately, | still have problems
keeping all those SYS codes straight.
This is where ML Macros comes in. All
you have to do is remember one SYS
code, and with a simple symbol that you
define, you can call up an infinite number
of ML programs easily and quickly. And
ML Macros can prove a boon to program-
mers by providing an easily customized
and handy interface to their programs.

Entering the Program

ML Macros is written in machine lan-
guage. To enter it, you'll need MLX,
our machine language entry program;
see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this is-
sue. When the program prompts for
starting and ending addresses, enter
the following.

Starting address: CE0O
Ending address: CFE7

Be sure to save a copy of the program
before exiting MLX.

Running the Program

To install ML Macros, simply load the
program with the ,8,1 extension. After
it loads, type SYS 53052, press Return,
and then type NEWto clear pointers. If
you want to.load and run ML Macros
from within a BASIC program, add
these lines to your program.

0 IFA=0 THEN A=1:LOAD “ML MACROS”,8,1
1 IFA=1 THEN SYS 53052

Of course, you can use whatever line
numbers are convenient for you.

Using the Program

To converse with ML Macros, you'll
use commands that all begin with the
# symbol. In ML Macros the first com-
mand defines a macro. To use it, type
#,2, ASC(‘‘character"’), address. Char-
acter is any symbol not reserved by
the computer. Most punctuation marks
are acceptable. Adaress is the starting
address of the machine language sub-
routine that will be triggered when you
enter the character. For example,
#,2,ASC(&"),64738 will program the
ampersand to reset the computer if it is
entered as a command.

The second command lets you
save a set of macros to disk. To use it,
type #,3, “filename”, dev,1, where file-
name is any legal filename and dev is
the device number of your drive, usu-
ally 8. This command also saves the
ML Macros code to disk with the mac-
ros so that one LOAD command will
give you easy access to macros and
ML code on all your disks.

The final command reloads a set of
macros from disk. To use it, type
#,4, "filename", dev,1. Filename and
dev are used the same as they are in
the SAVE command.

ML Macros isn't fussy about its in-
put. It's possible to define two macros
to the same character; however, only
the first macro defined will be honored.
This means you cannot erase a macro
by defining its character to another ML
routine. Should you wish to wipe the
macro memory, type POKE 52992, 3.
Should you wish to erase only the last
macro defined, type POKE 52992,
PEEK(52992)-3.

While ML Macros was designed
with compatibility in mind—it doesn't
modify IRQ, NMI, or Kernal vectors and
occupies a rarely used portion of mem-
ory—any modifications to locations
52736-53223 ($CEOO-$CFE7) wil
cause erratic behavior when ML Mac-
ros or any macro defined under it is in-
voked. This doesn't apply to BASIC,
but it does apply to some ML routines.
Good luck with your ML programs, and
| hope ML Macros makes them easier.

MAY 1993 COMPUTE G-39

PROGRAMS/THE AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER

SL EE TE a a a Ee Ye

ML MACROS

CEGG:23 GC CF G6 BG BB GB BB 2C
CE@8:06 68 GG BB GB BB BG GB AS
CE16:66 G9 GG GB BB GB GB GG AD
CE18:66 66 GG GG BB GB BB BG BS
CE26:69 GG GG GB BG BB BG GG BD
CE28:66 GG 6B BG BG BB GB BG C5
CE36:60 63 GG GB BB GB BB BG CD
CE38:06 G8 GG
CE46:68 GB GB GB 4B GB BB BG DD
CE48:68 G6 GG GB BB BB GG GG ES
CE56:66 GB GB GG BB BB GB BG ED
CE58:68 GG GB GB BG GB BB BB FS
CE66:66 G8 GG BB GB BG BB BB FD
CE68:68 GB GG
CE70:60 G6 6G BB BB BB GB BG BE
CE78:00 GG GG OB BG BB GB GB 16
CE80:00 G6 6G GB BG BG GB BB IE
CE88:60 G9 GG BB BG BG GB BB 26
CE96:66 GG GG GB GG BG BG GB 2E
CE98:00 GG GG GB GG BG BG GB 36
CEAG:06 GG GG GB GB BG BO GB 3E
CEA8:60 G6 GG GG GB BB GG GO 46
CEBG:90 G6 BG GB BG GB GB BO 4E
CEB8:00 6G 3G GG BB BB GB BB 56
CECG:68 GB GS GB BO GB GB BO SE
CEC8:00 G6 GG GB BG BG BG BB 66
CEDG:00 G6 GH GB BB BG GG GO 6E
CED8:48 GB GB GG BG BG BG BB 76
CEEG:80 GO GG BB AG BB BB BG 7E
CEE8:60 GG 60 BG BG GB GB BG 86
CEFG:60 GG GG GB BG GB BB BO BE
CEF8:60 6G 4C DB CF 4C 98 CF 8E
CFG6:63 6G GG 26 FD AE 26 9E AC
CFG8:AD 4C G1 B8 26 03 CF CO AA
CF16:61 F@ GF C# G2 FO E6 CO BC
CF18:63 FO DF C@ 64 FO 15 4C D7
CF2G:E7 A7 4C AE A7 DG G8 AY 4C
CF28:01 8D @1 CF 4C AE A7 A9 DE
CF36:00 4C 29 CF 20 73 66 4C 20
CF38:8F CF 6@ @D A9 47 A@ CF EB
CF40:8D G8 G3 8C G9 G3 68 206 67
CF48:73 6@ A2 80 DD G6 CE FG 73
CF50:2C E8 E8 E8 EC G6
CF58:F3 20 79 GB 4C E7 A7 8E 69
CF60:62 CF 28 73 @G 206 6B CF 57
CF68:4C E7 A7 AE @2 CF E8 BD E6
CF76:60 CE E8 BC @% CE 85 FE Fl
CF78:84 FF 6C FE @@ AD @1 CF 60
CF80:FG DD 26 73 G8 FO D8 DD 9E
CF88:00 CE F@ D3 4C 82 CF 20 63
CF96:D4 El 20 A7 F4 4C AE A7 6F
CF98:20 03 CF 98 AE OO CF 9D 3F
CFAG:60 CE EE 68 CF 206 FD AE 7B
CFA8:2@ 9E AD 26 F7 B7 A5 14 BS
CFBG:AE 6G CF 9D 8G CE EE 66 94
CFB8:CF A5 15 9D @1 CE EE 60 47
CFC@:CF 4C AE A7 20 D4 El AY 6D
CFC8:60 85 FD A9 CE 85 FE A9 58
CFD@:FD A2 E8 AG CF 26 D8 FF EF
CFD8:4C AE A7 26 73 66 4C C4 3A
CFEG:CF 66 GB GB BG BB GB BG 68

Cameron Kaiser is a senior at Luther-
an High in San Diego. His interests in-
clude Pink Floyd, basketball, rock mu-
sic, and his nine-year-old Commodore.
He lives in La Mesa, California. qa

G-40 COMPUTE MAY 1993

The Automatic Proofreader helps you
type in program listings for the 128 and
64 and prevents nearly every kind of
typing mistake.

Type in Proofreader exactly as list-
ed. Because the program can’t check
itself, be sure to enter each line care-
fully to avoid typographical errors or oth-
er mistakes. Don't omit any lines, even
if they contain unusual commands. Af-
ter you've finished, save a copy of the
program before running it.

Next, type RUN and press Return. Af-
ter the program displays the message
Proofreader Active, you're ready to
type in a BASIC program.

Every time you finish typing a line
and press Return, Proofreader displays
a two-letter checksum in the upper left
corner of the screen. Compare this re-
sult with the two-letter checksum print-
ed to the left of the line in the program
listing. If the letters match, the line prob-
ably was typed correctly. If not, check
for your mistake and correct the line. Al-
so, be sure not to skip any lines.

Proofreader ignores spaces not en-
closed in quotation marks, so you can
omit or add spaces between keywords
and still see a matching checksum.
Spaces inside quotes are almost al-
ways significant, so the program pays
attention to them.

Proofreader does not accept key-
word abbreviations (for example, ? in-
stead of PRINT). If you use abbrevi-
ations, you can still check the line by
listing it, moving the cursor back to the
line, and pressing Return.

lf you're using Proofreader on the
128, do not perform any GRAPHIC com-
mands while Proofreader is active.
When you perform a command like
GRAPHIC 1, the computer moves eve-
rything at the start of BASIC program
space—including the Proofreader—to
another memory area, causing Proof-
reader to crash, The same thing hap-
pens if you run any program with a
GRAPHIC command while Proofreader
is in memory.

Though Proofreader doesn't interfere
with other BASIC operations, it's a
good idea to disable it before running
another program. To disable it, turn the
computer off and then on. A gentler
method is to SYS to the computer's
built-in reset routine (65341 for the 128,
64738 for the 64).

AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER

@ CLR

1@ VE=PEEK(772)+256*PEEK (773):
LO=43:HI=44: PRINT" {CLR}
{WHT}AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER
{SPACE}FOR ";

26 IF VE=42364 THEN PRINT "64"

3@ IF VE=17165 THEN LO=45:HI=4
6:WAIT CLR:PRINT"128"

40 SA=(PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK(HI))+
6:FOR J=SA TO SA+166:READ B
:POKE J,B:CH=CH+B:NEXT

5@ IF CH<>20570 THEN PRINT "*E
RROR* CHECK TYPING IN DATA
{SPACE} STATEMENTS": END

66 FOR J=1 TO 5:READ RF,LF,HF:
RS=SA+RF:HB=INT (RS/256) :LB=
RS~ (256*HB)

76 CH=CH+RF+LF+HF:POKE SA+LF,L
B:POKE SA+HF,HB:NEXT

86 IF CH<>22654 THEN PRINT "*E
RROR* RELOAD PROGRAM AND CH
ECK FINAL LINE":END

96 IF VE=17165 THEN POKE SA+14
,22:POKE SA+18,23:POKESA+29
7224: POKESA+139, 224

100 POKE SA+149,PEEK(772) :POKE

SA+15@, PEEK (773) :PRINT"

{CLR}PROOFREADER ACTIVE"

SYS SA:POKE HI,PEEK(HI) +1:

POKE (PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK (HI

))-1,0:NEW

DATA126,169,73,141,4,3,169

137141,5,3,88,96,165, 20,13

3,167

DATA165,21,133,168,169,0,1

41,9,255,162,31,181,199,15

7,227

DATA3,202,16,248,169,19,32

7216,255,169,18,32,210,255

7166

DATAG,132,180,132,176,136,

236,180,206,185,0,2,240,46

1201

DATA34,268,8,72,165,176,73

7255,133,176,104,72,201, 32

1208

DATA7,165,176,208,3,104,26

BAG, AMA GB ch AM: Ade ag)

7

DATA121,6,2,133,167,165,16

8,165,6,133,168,262,268,23

9,246

DATA202,165,167,69,168,72,

41,15,168,185,211,3,32,219

7255

DATA104,74,74,74,74,168,18

5211 as2n2lay eon ;e2r3L,

189

DATA227,3,149,199,202,16,2

48,169,146,32,210,255,76,8

6,137

DATA65,66,67,68,69,79,71,7

2,74,75,77,80,81,82,83,88

DATA 13,2,7,167,31,32,151,

116,117,151,128,129,167,13

6,137

116

126

136

146

156

166

176

186

199

206

216

226

236